While on a backpacking trip you are bitten by a poisonous snake and transferred to the nearesthospital, where you receive human immunoglobulin treatment against the poisonous snake venom.You recover from your snakebite and return home. One year later during an environmental studiesfield trip, you are bitten once again by the same type of snake. Please select the correct answers:O Compared to the first snakebite, are you equally sensitive to the venom from the second bite. There are noresidual cells or antibodies that were involved in the original encounter with this snake venom and, therefore,no recall response.You are not protected from the second bite. The immunoglobulin you received 1 year ago protected youtemporarily but those antibodies are now gone and you have no memory B cells to produce new antibodiesduring the second exposure.Antibodies in the serum bound to the snake venom and neutralized its ability to cause damage. Phagocytesthen engulfed and destroyed antibody-coated venom. Because the snake venom was coated with antibodies,naïve B cells were not activated during the first exposure and therefore no adaptive immune response wasmounted.Compared to the first snakebite, are you more sensitive to the venom from the second bite. The venom hasdamaged your immune cells.Since you fully recovered from the first snakebite, you develop adaptive immunity and you are protected fromthe effects of the poison this second time.

Immunity is divided into innate or adaptive immunity. Innate immunity or genetic or natural immunity is the immunity an individual is born with and this immunity is encoded in the genes. Innate immunity consists of the external defenses (first line of defense) and internal defenses (second line of defense). The immunity that is acquired is known as adaptive immunity. It is the third line of defense and is divided into 2 subgroups: active and passive immunity. The active immunity, when the B cell encounters any pathogen, memory cells are created with antibodies by them. the memory cell can recognize the pathogen if infected by the same pathogen again. In Passive immunity, the antibodies are created outside the body and then injected inside the body. Snake antivenom and rabies vaccine are 2 examples of antiserum that produce artificial passive immunity and this type of immunity do not produce memory cell. The first time when you were bitten by snake, immune system had no defense as it was a new antigen. An antivenom (artificial passive immunity) consisting premade antibodies against venom, is then given to you. These antibodies neutralized venom of the snake. Your adaptive system had not enough time to respond and so, your immune system just watched out all happening. The antibodies present in the antivenom were lost either by binding to the antigen or via circulation. And there were no memory cells produced as your immune system was not activated. However antibodies may develop against the antivenom as it stay in the system for longer time. In comparison to first bite you wil be equally sensitive to the second bite too. However, in the response to the antivenom that is developed from the horses and sheep, your body nay develop antibodies and can have severe hypersensitivity reaction with antivenom and can kill you too.So, you are definitely not protected against this poison again. Because your immune system didn’t fight off this venom earlier and you were given antibodies consisting of antivenom from outside and your body’s immune system responded to those antibodies but did not produce antibodies. The antivenom is produced by injecting a very small amount of the poison into the horse or sheep over the year with an increasing amount of the venom and thus builds immunity against this venom over time because they are exposed to the venom constantly and enough time was given so that their immune system can be stimulated. But when a snake bites you get a high dose of venom at once and you will be unable to stimulate your immune system and to produce antibodies as well memory cells. So you will be equally sensitive again. Therefore, the correct options are: - (a) Compared to the first snakebite, you are equally sensitive to the venom from the second bite. There are no residual cells or antibodies that were involved in the original encounter with this snake venom and therefore, no recall response. (b) You are not protected from the second bite. The immunoglobulin you received 1 year ago protected you temporarily but those antibodies are now gone and you have no memory B cells to produce new antibodies during the second exposure. And (c) Antibodies in the serum bound to the snake venom and neutralized its ability to cause damage. Phagocytes then engulfed and destroyed antibody-coated venom. Because the snake venom was coated with antibodies, naive B cells were not activated during the first exposure and therefore no adaptive immune response was mounted.