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Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Question

**Title: Understanding ATP and Glycolysis Reactions**

**Content:**

**17-1 Which reaction or reactions of glycolysis require ATP as a reactant?**

- List the enzymes that catalyze these reactions.

**Which reaction or reactions of glycolysis produce ATP as a product?**

- List the enzymes that catalyze these reactions.

**Overview:**

Glycolysis is a critical metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose into pyruvate, releasing energy in the form of ATP. It consists of a series of ten enzymatic reactions, with some steps requiring ATP investment and others resulting in ATP production. Understanding these reactions is crucial for comprehending cellular metabolism.

**Educational Outcomes:**

- Identify the steps in glycolysis that require ATP.
- Recognize the enzymes involved in catalyzing these ATP-requiring reactions.
- Describe the reactions in glycolysis that lead to ATP production.
- List the enzymes responsible for these ATP-generating steps.

This content serves as an introduction to the ATP dynamics in glycolysis, offering insight into energy balance at the cellular level.

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For Krebs Cycle(Citric Acid Cycle) what are steps of cellular respiration for both aerobic (oxygen present) and anaerobic (without oxygen) respiration. what are the Inputs and Outputs: Clearly indicate the key substrates, intermediates, and products at each stage. Location: Show where this stage of cellular respiration occurs within the cell (e.g., cytoplasm, mitochondria). Energy Production: Highlight the ATP and NADH production at this stage. Oxygen: Show where oxygen is used in the process (e.g., ETC) and where carbon dioxide is produced. Electron Carriers: Indicate the role of electron carriers such as NAD+ and FAD in transferring eleDiagrams: Use diagrams or icons to represent the structures and molecules involved, such as the mitochondria, glucose, ATP, and oxygen. Key Information like important facts or formulas relevant to cellular respiration, like the chemical equations for each stage.
Choose the best answers for each missing word from the list below. ____ regulated by ATP, Aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) is (1) which is a (2)________________ regulator, and by CTP which binds to the (3)____ subunit of ATCase and shifts the conformational equilibrium to the (4). T state. CTP regulation of ATCase is called (5)________ 1) allosterically, 2) positive, 3) regulatory, 4) inactive, 5) feedback inhibition 1) covalently 2) positive, 3) regulatory, 4) active, 5) feedback inhibition 1) allosterically, 2) negative, 3) regulatory, 4) inactive, 5) feedforward activation 1) allosterically, 2) negative, 3) catalytic, 4) active, 5) feedforward inhibition 1) irreversibly, 2) positive, 3) catalytic, 4) inactive, 5) feedback inhihition
The following Michaelis-Menten plot shows the response of phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), an enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, to the presence of ATP and AMP. Based on the data below, which of the following statements apply? Select all that apply. No inhibitors (low (ATP)) 1 mM ATP + 0.1 mM AMP 1 mM ATP 1.0 2.0 (Fructose-6-phosphate) mM Fig. : Regulation of PFK activity AMP is an allosteric modifier that enhances the binding of the substrate fructose 6-phosphate а. O b. AMP is an allosteric modifier that reduces the binding of the substrate fructose 6-phosphate ATP is an allosteric modifier that reduces the binding of the substrate fructose 6-phosphate O c. O d. ATP is an allosteric modifier that enhances the binding of the substrate fructose 6-phosphate Phosphofructokinase activity
Lactic acid is a biproduct formed at the end of anaerobic respiration. This molecule is dangerous to cells of the body if it builds up too much. Despite this, the formation of lactic acid is very important. Explain why the process of anaerobic respiration is so important (providing reference to glycolysis, the role of coenzymes, and ATP formation).
When glucose is used as the starting material for glycolysis there is a net gain of +2 ATP per glucose. When glycogen is used as the starting material for glycolysis there is a net gain of +3 ATP per glucose. Please explain the difference in the net gain of ATP between glucose versus glycogen as the starting material. Enter your answer here
a) List all possible factors that regulates metabolic reactions (glycolysis) and briefly explain them in full sentence. b) How does cell overcome nonspontaneous reaction 1 and 3 in glycolysis? Support your answer in full sentence.

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