### Thermodynamics of Chemical Reactions - Educational Content#### Question 11**Which of the following processes is/are nonspontaneous at all temperatures?**1. An ionic compound dissolves in water with ΔH = -146 kJ.2. \( 4NH_3(g) + 5O_2(g) \rightarrow 6H_2O(g) + 4NO(g) \) with ΔH = -906 kJ.3. \( C (graphite \ at \ 1 \ atm) \rightarrow C (diamond \ at \ atm) \) with ΔH = +126 kJ.4. \( H_2O(l) \rightarrow H_2O(g) \) with ΔH = +40.7 kJ.**Options:**- \( \bigcirc \ \) 1- \( \bigcirc \ \) Both 1 and 4- \( \bigcirc \ \) 3- \( \bigcirc \ \) 2- \( \bigcirc \ \) Both 1 and 2---**Additional Information**:- The question aims to determine which reactions are nonspontaneous, i.e., they do not occur on their own at any temperature.- The spontaneity of a process can be determined using Gibbs free energy (\( ΔG \)), where a positive \( ΔG \) indicates a nonspontaneous process.- Enthalpy change (\( ΔH \)) and temperature are factors in calculating \( ΔG \), but to unequivocally determine a process's spontaneity without \( ΔG \) values, both enthalpy (\( ΔH \)) and entropy (\( ΔS \)) must be considered.#### Explanation:- **Choice 1:** Indicates an exothermic dissolution process with a negative \( ΔH \). Exothermic processes are typically spontaneous, but without knowing \( ΔS \), it cannot be declared nonspontaneous. - **Choice 2:** An exothermic reaction (negative \( ΔH \)) releasing significant energy. Such processes are usually spontaneous. - **Choice 3:** Endothermic process (positive \( ΔH \)) transforming graphite to diamond, might be nonspontaneous unless there's a high positive entropy change (\( ΔS \)). - **Choice 4:** Phase change from liquid water to gas which requires energy

Spontaneous process are those processes which has -ve value of ΔG i.e Gibbs free energy change of…

Which of the following processes is/are nonspontaneous at all temperatures? 1. An ionic compound dissolves in water with AH = -146 kJ 2.4NH3(g) + 502(g)→ 6H20(g) + 4NO(g) with AH =- -906 kJ 3. C (graphite at 1 atm) C (diamond at atm) with AH = +126 kJ 4. H20(1) H20(g) with AH = +40.7 kJ Both 1 and 4 3. O 2 Both 1 and 2

Which of the following processes is/are nonspontaneous at all temperatures? 1. An ionic compound dissolves in water with AH = -146 kJ 2.4NH3(g) + 502(g)→ 6H20(g) + 4NO(g) with AH =- -906 kJ 3. C (graphite at 1 atm) C (diamond at atm) with AH = +126 kJ 4. H20(1) H20(g) with AH = +40.7 kJ Both 1 and 4 3. O 2 Both 1 and 2

Chemistry

10th Edition

ISBN:9781305957404

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Chapter1: Chemical Foundations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...

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