I struggle with my homework. Can you help me? **Understanding Refractory Periods in Neuron Signals**### Absolute Refractory PeriodWhich of the following are true about the absolute refractory period?A. Ligand gated sodium channels are open B. Ligand gated sodium channels are closed C. Voltage gated sodium channels are open D. Voltage gated sodium channels are closed E. Voltage gated sodium channels are inactivated ### Relative Refractory PeriodWhich of the following are true about the relative refractory period?A. Ligand gated sodium channels are open B. Ligand gated sodium channels are closed C. Voltage gated sodium channels are open D. Voltage gated sodium channels reset back to closed state E. Voltage gated sodium channels are inactivated F. Voltage gated K channels close G. Na/K pump bring the membrane potential back to resting state These questions explore the states of various channels during the different phases of neuron signal transmission, focusing on the distinct characteristics of absolute and relative refractory periods.

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I struggle with my homework. Can you help me?

**Understanding Refractory Periods in Neuron Signals**

### Absolute Refractory Period
Which of the following are true about the absolute refractory period?

A. Ligand gated sodium channels are open
B. Ligand gated sodium channels are closed
C. Voltage gated sodium channels are open
D. Voltage gated sodium channels are closed
E. Voltage gated sodium channels are inactivated

### Relative Refractory Period
Which of the following are true about the relative refractory period?

A. Ligand gated sodium channels are open
B. Ligand gated sodium channels are closed
C. Voltage gated sodium channels are open
D. Voltage gated sodium channels reset back to closed state
E. Voltage gated sodium channels are inactivated
F. Voltage gated K channels close
G. Na/K pump bring the membrane potential back to resting state

These questions explore the states of various channels during the different phases of neuron signal transmission, focusing on the distinct characteristics of absolute and relative refractory periods.

Expert Solution

Introduction

The action potential of a nerve impulse alludes to the process wherein a nerve impulse is sent across a neuron. It is a consequence of the distinction in the concentration of Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) across the membrane.

The Refractory period is the period viewed as the characteristic recovery time of one action potential before the second.

The refractory period is the period of time during which a neuron cannot be activated. The refractory period is divided into two. They are:

Absolute refractory period: This is the period during which a second action potential cannot be initiated. The absolute refractory period is present for nearly the entire duration of the action potential. It is caused by the inactivation of the voltage-gated sodium channels. These channels remain inactivated until the membrane hyperpolarizes.
Relative refractory period: This is the interval following the absolute Refractory Period during which initiation of a second action potential is not impossible. The potassium conductance of the membrane increases because of the opening of the voltage-gated potassium channel and the K+ ions move out of the cell leading to membrane hyperpolarization. After the depolarization happens, the voltage-gated channel moves into its closed state.

Absolute refractory period corresponds to depolarization and repolarization,

whereas relative refractory period corresponds to hyperpolarization.