What specific steps has the United States government taken to establish and manage marine protected areas (MPAs)?
What specific steps has the United States government taken to establish and manage marine protected areas (MPAs)?
Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)
9th Edition
ISBN:9780134746241
Author:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Publisher:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa
Chapter1: The Study Of Minerals
Section: Chapter Questions
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What specific steps has the United States government taken to establish and manage marine protected areas (MPAs)? (See Essay 9.2)
![### National Marine Sanctuaries in the United States
#### Essay 9.2 Figure 2
**Map showing the names and locations of National Marine Sanctuaries in U.S. waters. [NOAA]**
**Provisions of the 1972 Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act** authorize the President to designate national marine sanctuaries in coastal waters of the continental shelf and in the Great Lakes. Several characteristics qualify a locality as a marine sanctuary, but potential sites must have a special biological, aesthetic, archaeological, cultural, or historical significance. The objective of federal legislation is to preserve and protect these areas by managing the multiple demands placed on them. Most marine sanctuaries are not places of refuge for marine life, although most activities that threaten marine resources are prohibited.
Currently, there are **14 national marine sanctuaries** and **Papahānaumokuākea and Rose Atoll marine national monuments** that together include near-shore coral reefs, whale migration corridors, deep-sea canyons, and historical sites. These areas are administered by NOAA’s **National Marine Sanctuary Program**. In **1975**, three years after the **1972 Act** was passed, the first national marine sanctuary was established off the North Carolina coast for the Civil War ship **USS Monitor**. The first marine sanctuary in the Great Lakes is the resting place of about 160 shipwrecks at the **Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary and Underwater Preserve** in northern Lake Huron near Alpena, MI. Once the smallest sanctuaries, at only 0.65 km² (0.25 mi²) began as the **Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary** but in **2012** expanded to become the **National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa**. At 35,174 km² (13,581 mi²), it now boasts six more sanctuary areas and a larger variety of ecosystems with coral and deep-water reefs as well as hydrothermal vents.
**Detailed Graph/Map Explanation:**
- The map depicts the geographical locations of various National Marine Sanctuaries across the United States.
- Locations depicted include:
- Olympic Coast
- Cordell Bank
- Gulf of the Farallones
- Monitor
- Gray’s Reef
- Monterey Bay
- Channel Islands
- Stellwagen Bank
- Thunder Bay
- Florida Keys
- Flower Garden Banks
-](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F4075dd7b-7cf0-4080-a9ab-c20ff4793850%2F52b83364-d671-489b-bc0a-410dd8be84f0%2Fcv88j8b_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:### National Marine Sanctuaries in the United States
#### Essay 9.2 Figure 2
**Map showing the names and locations of National Marine Sanctuaries in U.S. waters. [NOAA]**
**Provisions of the 1972 Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act** authorize the President to designate national marine sanctuaries in coastal waters of the continental shelf and in the Great Lakes. Several characteristics qualify a locality as a marine sanctuary, but potential sites must have a special biological, aesthetic, archaeological, cultural, or historical significance. The objective of federal legislation is to preserve and protect these areas by managing the multiple demands placed on them. Most marine sanctuaries are not places of refuge for marine life, although most activities that threaten marine resources are prohibited.
Currently, there are **14 national marine sanctuaries** and **Papahānaumokuākea and Rose Atoll marine national monuments** that together include near-shore coral reefs, whale migration corridors, deep-sea canyons, and historical sites. These areas are administered by NOAA’s **National Marine Sanctuary Program**. In **1975**, three years after the **1972 Act** was passed, the first national marine sanctuary was established off the North Carolina coast for the Civil War ship **USS Monitor**. The first marine sanctuary in the Great Lakes is the resting place of about 160 shipwrecks at the **Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary and Underwater Preserve** in northern Lake Huron near Alpena, MI. Once the smallest sanctuaries, at only 0.65 km² (0.25 mi²) began as the **Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary** but in **2012** expanded to become the **National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa**. At 35,174 km² (13,581 mi²), it now boasts six more sanctuary areas and a larger variety of ecosystems with coral and deep-water reefs as well as hydrothermal vents.
**Detailed Graph/Map Explanation:**
- The map depicts the geographical locations of various National Marine Sanctuaries across the United States.
- Locations depicted include:
- Olympic Coast
- Cordell Bank
- Gulf of the Farallones
- Monitor
- Gray’s Reef
- Monterey Bay
- Channel Islands
- Stellwagen Bank
- Thunder Bay
- Florida Keys
- Flower Garden Banks
-
![### ESSAY 9.2: Marine Protected Areas
**Marine protected areas (MPAs)** are regions of the ocean, estuaries, and large lakes that restrict human activity to safeguard natural or cultural resources. Presently, over 5000 MPAs exist worldwide, aiming to protect the world's underwater natural and cultural heritage. While MPAs cover 2.8% of the ocean, primarily in coastal areas, most nations have agreed to reach 10% coverage by 2020. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categorizes MPAs into seven types, ranging from (Ia) strict natural reserves allowing no resource removal, considered the most protected, to (VI) sustainable use of natural resources. The United States defines MPAs by five primary characteristics, including:
- (A) Conservation Focus;
- (B) Level of Protection;
- (C) Permanence of Protection;
- (D) Constancy of Protection;
- (E) Scale of Protection.
For instance, an MPA can be described as Natural Heritage, Cultural Heritage, or Sustainable Production based on its Conservation Focus.
#### The Ross Sea and United States Initiatives
In 2016, the United States and 24 other nations, as part of the Commission for Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, unanimously approved creating the world's largest MPA, covering approximately 598,000 km² (231,000 square miles) in Antarctica’s Ross Sea (see **Essay 9.2 Figure 1**). The Ross Sea is a highly productive region with significant biodiversity, serving as a vital foraging area for species like Adélie and Emperor penguins, Weddell and crabeater seals, and killer whales. The surrounding land area hosts numerous international research bases, including the U.S. McMurdo Station. The new Ross Sea Region Marine Protected Area aims to balance environmental protection with fishing interests, allowing limited and specified commercial fishing for Antarctic toothfish (sold as "Chilean sea bass" in the U.S.) and permitting krill fishing in 28% of the MPA.
**Essay 9.2 Figure 1:**
The included photograph shows the Ross Ice Shelf at the Bay of Whales in the Ross Sea. [Photo by Michael Van Woert, NOAA/NESDIS/ORA/ Courtesy of the NOAA Photo Library.]
In the United States, a significant effort to preserve coastal water resources and promote the recovery of overfished and disturbed underwater](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F4075dd7b-7cf0-4080-a9ab-c20ff4793850%2F52b83364-d671-489b-bc0a-410dd8be84f0%2Fr3peqzi_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
Transcribed Image Text:### ESSAY 9.2: Marine Protected Areas
**Marine protected areas (MPAs)** are regions of the ocean, estuaries, and large lakes that restrict human activity to safeguard natural or cultural resources. Presently, over 5000 MPAs exist worldwide, aiming to protect the world's underwater natural and cultural heritage. While MPAs cover 2.8% of the ocean, primarily in coastal areas, most nations have agreed to reach 10% coverage by 2020. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) categorizes MPAs into seven types, ranging from (Ia) strict natural reserves allowing no resource removal, considered the most protected, to (VI) sustainable use of natural resources. The United States defines MPAs by five primary characteristics, including:
- (A) Conservation Focus;
- (B) Level of Protection;
- (C) Permanence of Protection;
- (D) Constancy of Protection;
- (E) Scale of Protection.
For instance, an MPA can be described as Natural Heritage, Cultural Heritage, or Sustainable Production based on its Conservation Focus.
#### The Ross Sea and United States Initiatives
In 2016, the United States and 24 other nations, as part of the Commission for Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, unanimously approved creating the world's largest MPA, covering approximately 598,000 km² (231,000 square miles) in Antarctica’s Ross Sea (see **Essay 9.2 Figure 1**). The Ross Sea is a highly productive region with significant biodiversity, serving as a vital foraging area for species like Adélie and Emperor penguins, Weddell and crabeater seals, and killer whales. The surrounding land area hosts numerous international research bases, including the U.S. McMurdo Station. The new Ross Sea Region Marine Protected Area aims to balance environmental protection with fishing interests, allowing limited and specified commercial fishing for Antarctic toothfish (sold as "Chilean sea bass" in the U.S.) and permitting krill fishing in 28% of the MPA.
**Essay 9.2 Figure 1:**
The included photograph shows the Ross Ice Shelf at the Bay of Whales in the Ross Sea. [Photo by Michael Van Woert, NOAA/NESDIS/ORA/ Courtesy of the NOAA Photo Library.]
In the United States, a significant effort to preserve coastal water resources and promote the recovery of overfished and disturbed underwater
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