States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
What is the objective of this experiment in a few sentences?
PART C & D (couldn't post picture)
c. Acid Hydrolysis
In a small erlenmeyer flask place 25 mL of the stock starch solution and 5 mL of 10%
HCI and mix. Place in boiling water bath. After 30 minutes of heating, use a plastic
pipette to withdraw a few drops (aliquot) and place them on a spot plate. Allow to cool
for a few seconds and add 2 drops of iodine solution. Observe color and interpret the
results.
Withdraw and test an aliquot every 5 minutes until the test with iodine does not produce a
blue color. Keep track of the total elapsed time. Interpret the results. Do not discard
sample and proceed to part d.
d. Fehlings Test on hydrolyzed sample
Upon completing part c. above and the test no longer gives a blue color, withdraw a 5 mL
sample and neutralize with 10% NaOH until no longer acidic to litmus. Add 1 mL of
Fehlings solution (A+B), place in boiling water bath, and time any color change as
before. Compare this result with your result from part b. above. Interpret your results.
![900
baso PROCEDURE:
RE:
PART II: HYDROLYSIS
Starch and cellulose are both polymers of D-glucose. In starch, the glucose units are joined
by a-acetal linkages and in cellulose by ß-acetal linkages. In this experiment starch will be
treated with iodine solution (a color test for starch) and with Fehlings solution (a test for free
aledehyde). Starch is later subjected to hydrolysis in an acidic solution and subsequently
tested with iodine and Fehlings solutions.
28
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Yhe
ould
muse
44
Prepare a stock starch solution by adding 2.0 g of starch to 100 mL of water and stir for about
5 minutes in order to dissolve as much starch as possible. Allow any undissolved starch to
de settle to the bottom and use the saturated solution. Then proceed as follows...
10
Toggl
a. Iodine Test mil bas died stew gailiod ni soslq (8+A) no
alPlace 5 mL of stock solution into a 6" test tube. Add 2 drops of dilute iodine solution.
UstObserve the blue color produced. This sensitive diagnostic test for starch is produced by
Diodine molecules trapped in the spiral coils of the linear starch molecules. Che
ampa
Now place the test tube in the boiling water bath and note the loss of the blue color.
This occurs because the increased molecular motion of the starch molecules allows the
trapped iodine molecules to escape. Cool the test tube under cold running water and note
the return of the blue color.
b. Fehlings Test
Bu Place 3 mL of stock starch solution in a 6" test tube and add 1 mL of Fehlings solution (A
+ B). Place in boiling water bath and carefully time the color change as before. Compare
time with that given by D-glucose. Stop heating after 10 minutes and interpret the results.
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||
R-C-H +
CARBOHYDRATE REACTIONS
PART I: OXIDATION
Aldehydes are readily oxidized even with such weak oxidizing agents as Cu²+ (Fehlings
Solution). Such a reagent can be used to test for the presence or absence of a free aldehyde
i group in a molecule, including carbohydrates.
alay
+2
Cu¹²
alpha-D-Glucose
CH₂OH
H HO
PROCEDURE:
1.
On a hot plate, prepare a water bath by heating a 250 mL beaker, half filled with water.
2. In a small flask, mix together 10 mL of Fehlings A and 10 mL of Fehlings B solution.
Use for the following tests...
3. Into each of 4 test tubes (6") add 2 mL (~40 drops) of the Fehlings A and B mixture.
Next add 2 mL of 5% solutions of the sugar listed below, one in each test tube. Mix and
set in a boiling water bath. As soon as the test tubes are placed in the boiling water bath,
time how long it takes for formation of a red brick precipitate. (Times may range from a
few seconds to several minutes). If no ppt. forms after 5 min., record your time as >5
min. and terminate that particular test. Test the following sugars...
being
CH₂OH
CH₂OH
H
O H
он
OH H
OH H
H HỌ
a leve
OH
OH
H OH
H OH
OH H
+ OH
H
CH₂OH
beta-D-Fructose
H
mon
CH₂OH
OH
O
||
R-C-O +
HO
H
CH₂OH
OH H
Sucrose
H OH
OH H
H
Cu₂0 ppt.
Lactose
H
CH₂OH
CH₂OH
-он
pour
brick red
OH H
H OH
43
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