Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
![What is the 'electron group geometry' for the carbon in phosgene (Cl,C=0)?
yogn
hten
2
H
Не
100
Lo
degin
6
10
Li Be
C
NO
F Ne
14.00
Fronchona
15
1500
121
con
2010
odium
age
11
12
13
14
16
17
18
Na Mg
Al
Si PS
CI Ar
2200
oinam
215
2699
galen
31
065
354
Dnine
35
seandn
sau ewosam
23
nanganese
24
nkel
0pen
29
anene
19
20
21
22
25
26
27
28
30
32
33
34
36
K Ca
Sc Ti vCr Mn
Fe Co Ni
Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se
Br | Kr
39.008
47.T
142
y
paladn
46
rdus
kodne
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
Rb Sr
Y Zr
Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd
Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te
I Xe
100
gik
79
11341
121
137 0
pkeam
84
13
Canim
55
ad
tugn
74
teran
ry
56
57-70
71
72
73
75
76
77
78
80
81
82
83
85
85
Cs Ba
Lu Hf
Ta W Re
Os Ir Pt Au Hg TI
Pb Bi Ро
At Rn
1
Ierncm rteu
104
18L4
Storgam
106
174
20
12
n
2002
ha
108
bohun
Ltam
npertanun]
87
38
80-102
103
105
107
100
110
111
112
114
Fr Ra ** Lr Rf
Db Sg Bh
Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub
Uuq
ROL
R pym neotyn
58
59
62
63
66
57
61
64
65
67
68
69
70
*Lanthanide series
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho
Er Tm Yb
13
1
16 M
90
T e
aan
onstere
99
**Actinide series
89
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
100
101
102
Ac Th
Pa U Np
Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
Select one:
O a.
trigonal bipyramidal
O b. octahedral
Oc tetrahedral
Od linear
O e.
trigonal planar](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F557c32fd-7693-40a7-ae31-35ab446a6c22%2F639a53ea-1db9-4546-b3a1-60524b1e1e64%2Fa3apj2c_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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