Chemistry by OpenStax (2015-05-04) 1st Edition
ISBN: 9781938168390
Author: Klaus Theopold, Richard H Langley, Paul Flowers, William R. Robinson, Mark Blaser
Publisher: Klaus Theopold, Richard H Langley, Paul Flowers, William R. Robinson, Mark Blaser
1 Essential Ideas 2 Atoms, Molecules, And Ions 3 Composition Of Substances And Solutions 4 Stoichiometry Of Chemical Reactions 5 Thermochemistry 6 Electronic Structure And Periodic Properties Of Elements 7 Chemical Bonding And Molecular Geometry 8 Advanced Theories Of Covalent Bonding 9 Gases 10 Liquids And Solids 11 Solutions And Colloids 12 Kinetics 13 Fundamental Equilibrium Concepts 14 Acid-base Equilibria 15 Equilibria Of Other Reaction Classes 16 Thermodynamics 17 Electrochemistry 18 Representative Metals, Metalloids, And Nonmetals 19 Transition Metals And Coordination Chemistry 20 Organic Chemistry 21 Nuclear Chemistry Chapter20: Organic Chemistry
Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1E: Write the chemical formula and Lewis structure of the following each of which contains five carbon... Problem 2E: What is the difference between the hybridization of carbon atoms' valence orbitals in saturated and... Problem 3E: On a microscopic level, how does the reaction of bromine with a saturated hydrocarbon differ from... Problem 4E: On a microscopic level, how does the reaction of bromine with an alkene differ from its reaction... Problem 5E: Explain why unbranched alkenes can form geometric isomers while unbranched alkanes cannot. Does this... Problem 6E: Explain why these two molecules are not isomers: Problem 7E: Explain why these two molecules are not isomers: Problem 8E: How does the carbon-atom hybridization change when polyethylene is prepared from ethylene? Problem 9E: Write the Lewis structure and molecular formula for each of the following hydrocarbons: (a) hexane... Problem 10E: Write the chemical formula, condensed formula, and Lewis structure for each of the following... Problem 11E: Give the complete IUPAC name for each of the following compounds: (a) CH3CH2CBr2CH3 (b) (CH3)3CCl... Problem 12E: Give the complete IUPAC name for each of the following compounds: (a) (CH3)2CHF. (b) CH3CHClCHClCH3... Problem 13E: Butane is used as a fuel in disposable lighters. Write the Lewis structure for each isomer of... Problem 14E: Write Lewis structures and name the five structural isomers of hexane. Problem 15E: Write Lewis structures for the Cis -trans isomers of CH3CH = CHCl. Problem 16E: Write structures for the three isomers of the aromatic hydrocarbon xylene, C6H4(CH3)2. Problem 17E: Isooctane is the common name of the isomer of C8H18 used as the standard of 100 for the gasoline... Problem 18E: Write Lewis structures and IUPAC names for the alkyne isomers of C4H6. Problem 19E: Write Lewis structures and IUPAC names for all isomers of C4H9Cl. Problem 20E: Name and write the structures of all isomers of the propyl and butyl alkyl groups. Problem 21E: Write the structures for all the isomers of the -C5H11 alkyl group. Problem 22E: Write Lewis structures and describe the molecular geometry at each carbon atom in the following... Problem 23E: Benzene is one of the compounds used as an octane enhancer in unleaded gasoline. It is manufactured... Problem 24E: Teflon is prepared by the polymerization of tetra?uoroethylene. Write the equation that describes... Problem 25E: Write two complete, balanced equations for each of the following reactions, one using condensed... Problem 26E: Write two complete, balanced equations for each of the following reactions, one using condensed... Problem 27E: What mass of 2-bromopropane could be prepared from 25.5 g of propane? Assume a 100% yield of... Problem 28E: Acetylene is a very weak acid; however, it will react with moist silver(I) oxide and form water and... Problem 29E: Ethylene can be produced by the pyrolysis of ethane: C2H6C2H4+H2 How many kilograms of ethylene is... Problem 30E: Why do the compounds hexane, hexanol, and hexane have such similar names? Problem 31E: Write condensed formulas and provide IUPAC names for the following compounds: (a) ethyl alcohol (in... Problem 32E: Give the complete IUPAC name for each of the following compounds: Problem 33E: Give the complete IUPAC name and the common name for each of the following compounds: Problem 34E: Write the condensed structures of both isomers with the formula C2H6O. Label the functional group of... Problem 35E: Write the condensed structures of all isomers with the formula C2H5O2. Label the functional group... Problem 36E: Draw the condensed formulas for each of the following compounds: (a) dipropyl ether. (b) 2,... Problem 37E: MTBE, Methyl tert -butyl ether, CH3OC(CH3)3, is used as an oxygen source in oxygenated gasolines.... Problem 38E: Write two complete balanced equations for each of the following reactions, one using condensed... Problem 39E: Write two complete balanced equations for each of the following reactions, one using condensed... Problem 40E: Order the following molecules from least to most oxidized, based on the marked carbon atom: Problem 41E: Predict the products of oxidizing the molecules shown in this problem. In each case, identify the... Problem 42E: Predict the products of reducing the following molecules. In each case, identify the product that... Problem 43E: Explain why it is not possible to possible a ketone that contains only two carbon atoms. Problem 44E: How does hybridization of the substituted carbon atom change when an alcohol is converted into an... Problem 45E: Fatty acids are carboxylic acids that have long hydrocarbon chains attached to a carboxylate group.... Problem 46E: Write a condensed structural formula, such as CH3CH3, and describe the molecular geometry at each... Problem 47E: Write a condensed structural formula, such as CH3CH3, and describe the molecular geometry at each... Problem 48E: The foul odor of rancid butter is caused by butyric acid, CH3CH2CH2CO2H. (a) Draw the Lewis... Problem 49E: Write the two-resonance structures for the acetate ion. Problem 50E: Write two complete, balanced equations for each of the following reactions, one using condensed... Problem 51E: Write two complete balanced equations for each of the following reactions, one using condensed... Problem 52E: Yields in organic reactions are sometimes low. What is the percent yield of a process that produces... Problem 53E: Alcohols A, B and C all have the composition C4H 100. Molecules of alcohol A contain a branched... Problem 54E: Write the Lewis structures of both isomers with the formula C2H7N. Problem 55E: What is the molecular structure about the nitrogen atom in trimethyl amine and in the trimethyl... Problem 56E: Write the two resonance structures for the pyridinium ion, C5H5NH+. Problem 57E: Draw Lewis structures for pyridine and its conjugate acid, the pyridinium ion, C5H5NH+. What are the... Problem 58E: Write the Lewis structures of all isomers with the formula C3H7ON that contain an amide linkage. Problem 59E: Write two complete balanced equations for the following reaction, one using condensed formulas and... Problem 60E: Write two complete, balanced equations for each of the following reactions, one using condensed... Problem 61E: Identify any carbon atoms that change hybridization and the change in hybridization during the... Problem 62E: Identify any carbon atoms that change hybridization and the change in hybridization during the... Problem 63E: Identify any carbon atoms that change hybridization and the change in hybridization during the... Problem 2E: What is the difference between the hybridization of carbon atoms' valence orbitals in saturated and...
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What is the difference between the hybridization of carbon atoms’ valence orbitals in saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons ?
Definition Definition Molecules that have multiple bonds between their carbon atoms. Alkenes are hydrocarbons with a double bond between two adjacent carbon atoms (R 2 C=CR 2 ), whereas alkynes are hydrocarbons with a triple bond between two adjacent carbon atoms R-C=C-R . These two groups are known as unsaturated hydrocarbons. They have fewer hydrogen atoms when compared with alkanes with same number of carbon atoms. The general molecular formula for an unsaturated hydrocarbon can be represented as C n H 2n +2 .
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