What is Pasteurization?   Louis Pasteur was a famous scientist.  As you know when you leave milk out it spoils.   When Pasteur was alive, people thought that certain cows were more likely (than others) to cause milk spoilage because they produced an inferior type of milk.  However Pasteur thought it might have to do with bacteria.  He set up an experiment where he used two glasses of milk. In one of the glasses he added boiled milk.  He discovered that the boiled milk did not spoil as fast as the un-boiled milk. He told his colleagues; and when his colleagues tried the experiment, they got the same results. What was the problem for Pasteur? What do you think was his hypothesis? What was the manipulated (independent) variable? What was the dependent variable he measured? Which group was the control:  the boiled milk, or the unboiled milk. Explain.

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Industrial Processes

Industrial processes result in the manufacturing of products (biological products, such as enzymes, medicine) on a large scale using different methods, such as physical and chemical procedures. Few products such as pharmaceuticals, agricultural products, food items, etc., involve microbes and their enzymes. Such processes are termed industrial biological processes. Microbiology and biotechnology enable us to utilize the ability of microorganisms to produce enzymes, primary metabolites, and secondary metabolites, which in turn help to produce the desired products.