41-43 if is possible please. Topic is from anthropology on primates # Anthropology 101 Study Guide No. 3 - Primates## Key Questions for Discussion and Review:31. **What are the four types of teeth found in primates?** - Explore the diversity of dental structures among primates.32. **How does each type function?** - Understand the role of different teeth in primate diets and survival.33. **What is a diastema and where is it located?** - Identify this gap in the dental arc and analyze its significance.34. **What genus and species do humans belong in?** - Recognize the taxonomic classification of humans within the primate family.35. **What is phylogeny?** - Delve into the evolutionary lineage and relationships among primates.36. **What are examples of sexual dimorphism among primates?** - Examine how male and female primates differ in size, coloration, or features.37. **What are examples of convergent structures?** - Identify structures that evolved independently but serve similar functions.38. **What are examples of homologous structures?** - Discuss structures derived from a common ancestor, adapted to different purposes.39. **Know taxonomy (kingdom to species level).** - Study the hierarchical system of classification from broad to specific.40. **What is a vertebrate?** - Define vertebrates and their key characteristics compared to invertebrates.41. **What were the first organisms to live on land?** - Investigate the pioneers of terrestrial life and their adaptations.42. **Know the evolution of egg-laying mammals.** - Understand the lineage and characteristics of monotremes.43. **What are the characteristics of mammals?** - Identify and describe traits that distinguish mammals from other animal classes.

Lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans are members of the order Primates of the class Mammalia. They range in size from the mouse lemur at 30g to the mountain gorilla at 200kg. The order Primates is the 3rd most diverse order of mammals, after rodents and bats. Characteristics of Primates are: - Prehensile five-digit hands and feet, claws have been modified into flattened nails. Acute vision with depth-perception due to forward-facing eyes. Rotating shoulder joints. Big toes and thumbs that are widely separated from the other toes and thumbs.41. Bacteria were the very first organisms to live on land. They first appeared around 3.77 billion years ago, possibly as early as 4.28 billion years ago, or even as early as 4.41 billion years ago—not long after the oceans formed (4.5 billion years ago) and after the formation of the Earth (4.54 billion years ago). Evidence of the earliest microbial life on land was discovered in a 3.48 billion-year-old geyserite (siliceous sinter) in Western Australia's Pilbara Craton in May 2017. 42. The duck-billed platypus and spiny echidna belong to an archaic group of mammals called monotremes (egg-laying mammals). About 280 million years ago, egg-laying mammals (mammals-like reptiles) diverged from the lineage they shared with birds and reptiles and split off from other early mammalian lineages around 80 million years ago. Although monotremes have a limited fossil record, several skulls, such as that of the extinct Obdurodon dicksoni, have been discovered. The species, which lived between 23.3 million and 5.3 million years ago, had a snout that looks similar to that of a modern platypus, but it is unlikely to be related. 43. Characteristics of mammals: - Mammals have hair and fur on their body. Mammals are endothermic vertebrates (able to maintain a steady body temperature). Female mammals have mammary glands. Mammals have three middle-ear ossicles. Mammals have sebaceous (fat secreting glands), sudoriferous (sweat) and scent glands. Mammals give birth to young ones (Viviparous). The heart of a mammal consists of four chambers a left and right atrium and a left and right ventricle). Mammalian lungs have millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli, which provide a very large surface area for gaseous exchange. Mammals have four different types of teeth (heterodont dentition). Mammals have four limbs and produce amniotic eggs.