What do the offspring look like? The appearance of each mouse is also called its phenotype Click Clear, and drag two white mice into the parent boxes Click Breed several times What is the phenotype of the offspriìng now? Do you think mouse offspring will always look like their parents?
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- Clubfoot is a common congenital birth defect. This defect is caused by a number of genes but appears to be phenotypically distributed in a noncontinuous fashion. Geneticists use the threshold model to explain the occurrence of this defect. Explain this model. Explain predisposition to the defect in an individual who has a genotypic liability above the threshold versus an individual who has a liability below the threshold.Ancient societies used knowledge that traits are heritable in domesticating animals and developing agricultural crops. What might account for the failure to recognize that the same processes operate in humans?Pedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. Would you decide to have a child if the test results said that you carry the mutation for breast and ovarian cancer? The heart disease mutation? The TSD mutation? The heart disease and the mutant alleles?
- Pedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. If Sarah carries the mutant cancer allele and Adam carries the mutant heart disease allele, what is the chance that they would have a child who is free of both diseases? Are these good odds?Pedigree analysis is a fundamental tool for investigating whether or not a trait is following a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. It can also be used to help identify individuals within a family who may be at risk for the trait. Adam and Sarah, a young couple of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, went to a genetic counselor because they were planning a family and wanted to know what their chances were for having a child with a genetic condition. The genetic counselor took a detailed family history from both of them and discovered several traits in their respective families. Sarahs maternal family history is suggestive of an autosomal dominant pattern of cancer predisposition to breast and ovarian cancer because of the young ages at which her mother and grandmother were diagnosed with their cancers. If a mutant allele that predisposed to breast and ovarian cancer was inherited in Sarahs family, she, her sister, and any of her own future children could be at risk for inheriting this mutation. The counselor told her that genetic testing is available that may help determine if this mutant allele is present in her family members. Adams paternal family history has a very strong pattern of early onset heart disease. An autosomal dominant condition known as familial hypercholesterolemia may be responsible for the large number of deaths from heart disease. As with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, genetic testing is available to see if Adam carries the mutant allele. Testing will give the couple more information about the chances that their children could inherit this mutation. Adam had a first cousin who died from Tay-Sachs disease (TSD), a fatal autosomal recessive condition most commonly found in people of Eastern European Jewish descent. Because TSD is a recessively inherited disorder, both of his cousins parents must have been heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele. If that is the case, Adams father could be a carrier as well. If Adams father carries the mutant TSD allele, it is possible that Adam inherited this mutation. Because Sarah is also of Eastern European Jewish ancestry, she could also be a carrier of the gene, even though no one in her family has been affected with TSD. If Adam and Sarah are both carriers, each of their children would have a 25% chance of being afflicted with TSD. A simple blood test performed on both Sarah and Adam could determine whether they are carriers of this mutation. Would you want to know the results of the cancer, heart disease, and TSD tests if you were Sarah and Adam? Is it their responsibility as potential parents to gather this type of information before they decide to have a child?When you decide to breed your Labrador retriever Molly and sell the puppies, you discover that two of Mollys four siblings have developed a hip disorder that is traceable to the action of a single recessive allele. Molly herself shows no sign of the disorder. If you breed Molly to a male Labrador that does not carry the recessive allele, can you assure a purchaser that the puppies will also be free of the condition? Explain your answer.
- Both Duchenne muscular dystrophy and color blindness are caused by recessive alleles. DMD, unlike color blindness, nearly always occurs in males. Explain why.More Crosses with Pea Plants: The Principle of Independent Assortment Determine the possible genotypes of the following parents by analyzing the phenotypes of their children. In this case, we will assume that brown eyes (B) is dominant to blue (b) and that right-handedness (R) is dominant to left-handedness (r). a. Parents: brown eyes, right-handed brown eyes, right-handed Offspring: 3/4 brown eyes, right-handed 1/4 blue eyes, right-handed b. Parents: brown eyes, right-handed blue eyes, right-handed Offspring: 6/16 blue eyes, right-handed 2/16 blue eyes, left-handed 6/16 brown eyes, right-handed 2/16 brown eyes, left-handed c. Parents: brown eyes, right-handed blue eyes, left-handed Offspring: 1/4 brown eyes, right-handed 1/4 brown eyes, left-handed 1/4 blue eyes, right-handed 1/4 blue eyes, left-handedAs a physician, you deliver a baby with protruding heels and clenched fists with the second and fifth fingers over-lapping the third and fourth fingers. a. What genetic disorder do you suspect the baby has? b. How do you confirm your suspicion?
- Mary and Marcie. identical twins, go to the same internist who is also a faculty member at a major medical center. At their last visit, they each received a brochure describing a genetics research program recently launched by the hospital and its affiliated university. Researchers were asking for volunteers to fill out a questionnaire and a consent form, donate a blood sample, and have their medical records encoded and transferred to a database. The goal was to enroll 100,000 participants, and the brochure noted that over 10,000 people had already agreed to participate. The blood sample would be used to extract DNA. which would be encoded with the same number as the medical records. This DNA would be used to search for genes associated with conditions such as arthritis, diabetes, and Alzheimer disease. The idea is that researchers interested in studying arthritis would use the medical records to identify which participants have the condition and then use DNA from those individuals to find genetic similarities that are not present in participants who do not have arthritis. The genetic similarities help identify regions of the genome that contain genes associated with arthritis. These regions can then be studied in detail to identify and isolate genes that may be associated with arthritis and other inflammatory disorders. In exchange for enrolling, participants would be informed about any genetic conditions or predispositions to genetic disease they carry and would receive free access to testing. After discussing the brochure. Mary decided to enroll, but Marcie decided she did not want to do so. She said she did not want to know what diseases she may develop or which disease genes she may carry. At their next annual visit. Marys internist told her that because her questionnaire indicated that some relatives had Alzheimer disease, her DNA was used in a study to identify risk genes. He said she had been identified as a carrier of a gene that greatly increased the likelihood that she would develop Alzheimer disease. The physician told her that age was the greatest risk factor, and while it was not 100% certain she would become a victim of Alzheimer disease, the gene she carries is a factor in 2025% of all cases. Mary asked if there was anything she could do about these findings. The internist told her that exercise, controlling blood pressure and cholesterol levels, as well as participating in mentally challenging activities such as reading or playing a musical instrument may all help reduce her chances of developing this disease. Mary then asked if Marcie was going to be told about Marys genetic risk, and the internist said that he would not tell her. For the next few days. Mary was conflicted about the situation. Marcie was an Identical twin, and If Mary carried a gene predisposing her to Alzheimer disease. Marcie must carry the same gene. Marcie did not exercise with Mary, had high blood pressure, and little interest in reading or social activities. Mary did not know whether she should tell Marcie. If you were advising Mary, what would you say? Should she tell Marcie about the risk? Should she not tell her, but instead try to get Marcie to exercise and be more social? Should Mary ask their internist to talk with Marcie about this?Describe why there is a fundamental difference between the expression of a trait that is determined by polygenes and the expression of a trait that is determined monogenetically.You may have heard about the diet that is based on a persons blood type and claims to restore the bodys natural genetic rhythms and improve health. Research may one day reveal exactly which foods might best turn on and off specific genes to defend against specific chronic diseases. No doubt marketers will rush to fill grocery shelves with foods manufactured to match genetic profiles. Why do you think these genetic approaches to diet and health might be more or less appealing than eating patterns that include a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, milk products, and meats?