What are the typical fates for fatty acids in the liver (select all that apply)? O They are oxidized and converted into ketone bodies. O They are oxidized to yield acetyl-CoA and NADPH. O They are used to synthesize triacylglycerol. O They are oxidized and converted into glucose. O They are oxidized and used in the synthesis of cholesterol.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the organic compounds that are obtained in foods and living matters in the shape of sugars, cellulose, and starch. The general formula of carbohydrates is Cn(H2O)2. The ratio of H and O present in carbohydrates is identical to water.
Starch
Starch is a polysaccharide carbohydrate that belongs to the category of polysaccharide carbohydrates.
Mutarotation
The rotation of a particular structure of the chiral compound because of the epimerization is called mutarotation. It is the repercussion of the ring chain tautomerism. In terms of glucose, this can be defined as the modification in the equilibrium of the α- and β- glucose anomers upon its dissolution in the solvent water. This process is usually seen in the chemistry of carbohydrates.
L Sugar
A chemical compound that is represented with a molecular formula C6H12O6 is called L-(-) sugar. At the carbon’s 5th position, the hydroxyl group is placed to the compound’s left and therefore the sugar is represented as L(-)-sugar. It is capable of rotating the polarized light’s plane in the direction anticlockwise. L isomers are one of the 2 isomers formed by the configurational stereochemistry of the carbohydrates.
![### Typical Fates of Fatty Acids in the Liver
The liver plays a central role in fatty acid metabolism, handling these molecules in several key ways. Below is a multiple-choice question aimed at understanding the various pathways fatty acids can undergo in the liver.
#### Question:
**What are the typical fates for fatty acids in the liver (select all that apply)?**
- [ ] They are oxidized and converted into ketone bodies.
- [ ] They are oxidized to yield acetyl-CoA and NADPH.
- [ ] They are used to synthesize triacylglycerol.
- [ ] They are oxidized and converted into glucose.
- [ ] They are oxidized and used in the synthesis of cholesterol.
### Explanation:
#### 1. Conversion into Ketone Bodies:
Fatty acids can be oxidized in the liver through a process known as beta-oxidation to produce acetyl-CoA, which then serves as a substrate for ketogenesis. This leads to the formation of ketone bodies, which are an alternative energy source utilized primarily during fasting or low carbohydrate intake.
#### 2. Yielding Acetyl-CoA and NADPH:
During fatty acid oxidation, acetyl-CoA is an end product that enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to produce energy. NADPH is typically not directly produced in significant amounts through fatty acid oxidation; its generation is primarily associated with the pentose phosphate pathway and fatty acid biosynthesis rather than degradation.
#### 3. Synthesis of Triacylglycerol:
Fatty acids can be esterified with glycerol to form triacylglycerol (triglycerides), which are stored in liver cells or transported to adipose tissue for long-term storage.
#### 4. Conversion into Glucose:
Fatty acids are generally not converted into glucose. The human body lacks the metabolic pathway required to convert acetyl-CoA (derived from fatty acid oxidation) back into glucose, a process known as gluconeogenesis.
#### 5. Synthesis of Cholesterol:
Acetyl-CoA derived from fatty acid oxidation can be used as a starting material for the synthesis of cholesterol. This is an essential pathway for steroid hormone production and cell membrane structure maintenance.
Understanding these key metabolic pathways is essential for comprehending liver physiology and its role in energy metabolism.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F24b1d657-8a50-4e7c-90a8-6e71b5a64daf%2F140ba858-85d9-47a2-925f-e46fc0095c8f%2Fs6k3jdv_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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