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- What is meant by 'B lymphocytes are sensitive to clonal deletion'?Some primitive organisms, such as invertebrates, have no lymphocytes and thus lack an adaptive immune system, but they have somecomponents of an innate immune system, including phagocytes andcertain protective proteins. What are some general features of innateimmunity that make it very valuable to organisms lacking more specific antibody- and cell-mediated responses? What are some disadvantages to having only an innate immune system?A two-month-old baby is found to lack class I MHC molecules. How would this defect impact his adaptive immune response? Include answers to the following points: • What is the function of MHC I molecules in the adaptive immune response? • Will the entire adaptive immune response be impacted or only part of it? Please explain. • What type of infections will be impossible to tackle without MHC I molecules?
- What does a humoral immunity concept map look like with 10 words or phrases?Where are major histocompatibility complex-I (MHC-I) molecules located in the human body (cells)? Briefly describe how these surface markers present antigens to other cells. (Make sure to include where the antigen originates and what type of T-cell interacts with MHC-I antigen presentation.)The current view in the field of immunology is that dendritic cells are the primary antigen-presenting cells for stimulating naive T cells. One piece of evidence supporting this conclusion is the observation that IRF8-deficient individuals, which retain their tissue-resident macrophages, are susceptible to a range of severe opportunistic infections caused by intracellular bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Explain the reasoning behind this argument.
- What are the roles of the following cytokines in defense against infections: 1) TNF 2) IL-12 3) Type I InterferonName two antigen-presenting cells. What is their role in the adaptive immune system? Which classes of MHC proteins do they express and why is this important?Describe the mechanisms for antigen processing and presentation via MHC class I and class II molecules to T lymphocytes. How do these different pathways lead to appropriate defenses against different types of microorganisms?
- What distinguishes MHC I from MHC II? a-aquisition of antigenic peptide in the cytoplasm b-cross-presentation of antigegn to CD4 T cells c- presentation of peptides to the T cell receptor d-binding of a B-amino acid peptide e- presentation of antigenic peptides to CD4 T cellsAt first glance, it would seem a dangerous strategyfor the thymus to actively promote the survival, matura-tion, and emigration of developing T cells that bind weaklyto self peptides bound to self MHC molecules. Would itnot be safer to get rid of these T cells, along with those thatbind strongly to such self-peptide–MHC complexes, as thiswould seem a more secure way to avoid autoimmune reac-tions?Compare the MHC I and MHC II protein structures and peptidebinding sites. How do they differ? How are they similar?