● What are the characteristics of surface receptors and their ligands compared to nuclear receptors? • What is signal amplification?

Q: In terms of a gated channel what is the difference between a threshold stimulus and a sub threshold…

A: Fast transitory and propagating change of the resting membrane potential generates an action…

Q: What are the locations of G-protein coupled receptors in animal cells, and how are they activated? •…

A: Note: Since you have posted multiple independent questions in the same request, we will solve the…

Q: How do Signal transduction pathways differ between lipid-solubleand water-soluble messengers?

A: Introduction  Hormones regulates various physiological activities of the body such as growth,…

Q: (b) What is the binding site' of a receptor? How does the binding site change shape during…

A: In biochemistry the initiation of biological process is associated with the process of…

Q: Discuss Apical-basal cell polarityMechanical cuesG protein–coupled receptors

A: Cell polarity The free or apical domain is always directed towards the exterior surface or the…

Q: 9 of 16 In a signal transduction pathway involving G protein-coupled receptors, the receptor first…

A: GPCR stands for G protein coupled receptor. They are membrane bound transmembrane proteins. The…

Q: Which layer is involved in the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of various intracellular…

A: Cell signaling (also known as signal transduction or cellular communication) is a complex system of…

Q: 3. For each of the signals given below, list the most likely type of receptor (ion channel, protein…

A: Signal: A signal is a physical or chemical stimulus that carries information between cells, tissues,…

Q: Which of the following is correct for signaling within a neuron? 1) action potentials stimulate…

A: Normally due to the operation of Sodium Potassium pump the inside of the membrane remains negative…

Q: Vhat is the JAK family responsible for? What types of signaling happens within these types of…

A: JAK ( Janus kinase) is a tyrosine kinase which mainly transduces cytokine mediated signalling.

Q: List and describe the 4 major categories of membrane receptors.

A: Receptors are glycoproteins that receive stimuli or signals from molecules, such as drugs, hormones,…

Q: Bipolar Cell X Bipolar Cell Z Examine the receptive fields of Bipolar Cell X and Bipolar Cell Z:…

A: The eyes are one of the sense organs that help us in perceiving vision in the presence and absence…

Q: What compounds or probes could you use to investigate (a) G-protein–mediated signal transduction,…

A: Signal transduction is considered the process that implies the transmission of molecular signals…

Q: Which of the following are possible responses to a membrane receptor being activated? O activating…

A: Membrane receptors are protein molecules with specialized functions. Membrane receptors are either…

Q: What type of signal transduction molecule does the DAMGO receptor couple to?

A: Signal transduction molecule These molecules are substances that bind to the receptor to transmit a…

Q: Which membrane proteins are involved in the potentiation of the membrane signalling that travels…

A: Action potential is the mode through which the  neuron transports  to the electrical signals. It is…

Q: (ii) Based on the information in Figure 1 and your knowledge, explain the olfactory transduction…

A: The system that plays the major role in olfactory transduction is located in the cilia of olfactory.…

Q: The internalization and degradation of a cell surface receptor which results in a blunted signaling…

A: Introduction: Signal transduction: The transmission of molecular signals from exterior to the…

Q: In most neurons, membrane depolarization leads to the opening of voltage-dependent ion channels,…

A: The sense organ that allows vision by reacting to light in humans is the eye. Photoreceptor cells…

Q: Briefly describe what a G-protein is (explain by using the words GTPase, GTP and GDT)

A: Proteins are essential structural components that play a crucial role in cell signaling and nutrient…

Q: a) Create a diagram which illustrates the typical signalling mechanism of action of each of the four…

A: Introduction :-  Receptors are the protein molecules inside the target cell or on its surface that…

Q: An elderly man with high blood pressure is prescribed a medication that lowers blood pressure. Which…

A: Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the…

Q: Why would one use the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation? • What is the role of the Na+/K+ pump in…

A: Introduction :- In cells, the Na+K+-ATPase pump aids in maintaining osmotic balance and membrane…

Q: Summarize the steps in the action potential including channel states. • How can nerve fibers be…

A: Action potential is the sudden reversal in the membrane potential of cells (neurons and muscles) due…

Q: Q.2. Stevia, (Stevia rebaudiana), also called sweet leaf, flowering plant in the aster family…

A: Stevia rebaudiana  A plant with sweet leaves. Belongs to family Asteraceae Commercially grown for…

Q: What do the three main types of cell-surface receptors have in common? How do they differ?

A: Cell surface receptors (membrane receptors, transmembrane receptors) are receptors found on the…

Q: Except for?, all of the following signals may trigger receptor conformational changes without…

A: Because certain signaling chemicals are unable to pass through the plasma membrane, their receptors…

Q: dy must constantly monitor conditions and regulation. Review this crucial process by fila e words…

A: Homeostasis is an attempt of the body to maintain a constant internal environment, and enable the…

Q: Are all receptors located on the cell membrane?  Explain your answer and if no, indicate which…

A: The movement of ions and molecules across the cell membranes or through the bloodstream is known as…

Q: Please answer both, thank you

A: Signal transduction refers to the process by which cells convert extracellular signals such as…

Q: How does a postsynaptic cell undergo long-term potentiation or depression? •The receptors can be…

A: Answer : a postsynaptic cell undergo long-term potentiation or depression is :    The receptors can…

Q: Briefly compare ion channel–linked receptors, G protein–linked receptors, enzyme-linked receptors,…

A: Ion channel–linked receptors-     Ion channel receptors are a vital component of nervous…

Q: Give an example of the Regulations of Receptors?

A: Regulation of receptors means an increase or decrease in the activity of the receptor in response to…

Q: regulation of receptors: homologous and heterologous receptor desensitization, receptor…

A: Receptor regulation is the homeostatic increase or decrease in receptor activity/ number in response…

Q: 2. Not all receptors that carry out RME are located in coated pits prior to binding ligand, yet they…

A: A phospholipid bilayer integrated with proteins forms the plasma membrane. It provides a durable…

Q: How Receptor send the message to the interior of cell ? Describe it's mechanism

A: Two different cells interact with each other by sending and receiving messages. These messages are…

Q: It has been demonstrated that the memories of mice can be improved by genetically engineering their…

A: "Genes" are the fundamental unit of heredity. They store genetic information in the form of DNA,…

Q: 8. Describe the differences between ionotropic and metabotropic signaling in the brain with respect…

A: Signaling is the process by which cells communicate with each other.

Q: Compare the actions of the main types of receptors in signal transduction

A: The signal transduction pathway involves the signals such as protein molecules, hormones and…

Q: Write down the receptor and co-receptor of the HIV virus that causes AIDS. Where are these receptors…

A: HIV is a Human Immunodeficiency virus which is responsible for causing AIDs.  HIV make the body…

Q: In the mechanism for seeing, a receptor on the cell membrane exists that allows calcium and sodium…

A: Receptors are usually protein which are either found on the membrane or inside the cell that…

Q: 1) The olfactory receptor neurons in frogs resemble those of mammals, in that they express olfactory…

A: We can see in the data in the chart given in the question that the binding of an odorant molecule to…

Q: 5. In the book and in our lectures we have discussed the variety of T2RS that mammals use to detect…

A: The bitter taste is one of the five tastes that are sensed by the tongue. It is generally…

Defense Mechanism

Circumstances influence and compel people to behave in a certain way. One such behavior is a defense mechanism. It is employed by people to escape from unpleasant circumstances, thoughts and actions. Defense mechanisms are, thus, psychological strategies that help to avert and avoid unwanted feelings such as guilt or shame and situations such as threat and danger.