Water hardness is caused by the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. One way of removing these ions is to add sodium carbonate, Na2CO3(s), which causes precipitation of calcium carbonate, CaCO3(s), and magnesium carbonate, MgCO3(s). A 5.0 L volume of water has a Ca2+ concentration of 0.0040 mol/L. What is the maximum mass of sodium carbonate that can be added to this volume without causing any precipitate to form? The Ksp for CaCO3(s) is 4.8x10-9 at 25 oC.

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Acid Base Titration

An acid-base titration is the method of quantitative analysis for determining the concentration of an acid and base by exactly neutralizing it with a standard solution of base or acid having known concentration.