Water at 40°C flows horizontally through a constriction similar to that in Fig. 55.9 when the atmospheric pressure is 715 mmHg. The gage reading is 35 kPa, d, =0.5 m, and dy =0.15 m. Neglecting head loss, find the flow rate at which cavitation begins. Table A.1 at 40°C: y = 9.731 kN/m",

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Principles of Seepage

In hydrology, when water flows down in a pore or crack of unsaturated soil due to gravity, the deep layer of soil is called seepage. It is the slow movement of water in the soil layer. Seepage is mainly found near hydraulic structures and is responsible for the stability of earthen-type hydraulic structures.