Vhich of the following is caused by acetylcholine? O Depolarisation of the atrioventricular node O Decroased permeability of the sinoatrial node to potassium ions O Increased heart rate O Increased permeability of the cardiac muscle to calcium ions Increased baroreceptor firing
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- Which ONE of the following statements is TRUE? OA Cardiac myocyte contraction results primarily from an increased concentration of intracellular Na OB Prazosin is an agonist at a2 adrenergic receptors OC Veins can accommodate large volumes of blood but this causes a large increase in pressure OD The pulse pressure is the addition of systolic and diastolic pressure OE The primary integrating centre for baroreceptor reflexes is the medullary cardiovascular centreWhat effect does sympathetic stimulation have on stroke volume if thevenous return remains constant? Dilation of the coronary blood vesselsoccurs in response to an increased heart rate and stroke volume. Explainthe functional advantage of that effect.Autorhythmic cells in the SA node intrinsically fire at a rate of - 90 action potentials per minute. During exercise, the heart ráte is increased primarily through modulation by: Increased sympathetic input and parasympathetic input Decreased sympathetic input and parasympathetic input The AV node O Decreased sympathetic input and increased parasympathetic input Increased sympathetic input and decreased parasympathetic input O O O OO
- 2.A. 1. 2. 3. 4. |||| ential (mv) 13. State the channels involved in an action potential in cardiac AUTORHYTHMIC cells, which ion moves across the channel, which direction each ion moves across the channel when the channel opens, the approximate membrane potential at which the channel is fully open. +20 !!| CE - | Channel AaBbCcDdEe AaBbCcD. AaBBCEDE Aal Emphasis Heading 1 Normal lon? Influx or Efflux? 14. Define the term pacemaker potential (=drifting potential) and be able to identify it when given a graph of an action potential in an autorhythmic cell such as the one below. I Membrane Potential at which channel opens or is fully open (mv)Autorhythmic cells in the SA node intrinsically fire at a rate of - 90 action potentials per minute. At rest, the heart rate is lowered primarily through modulation by: O Decreased delivery of acetylcholine and increased delivery of norepinephrine Increased delivery of acetylcholine and decreased delivery of norepinephrine Cardiac contractile cells Decreased delivery of acetylcholine and decreased delivery of norepinephrine Increased delivery of acetylcholine and increased delivery of norepinephrine O O OIn which of the following situations is calcium moving through a channel in the pacemaker membrane driven by concentration but against charge? O during the repolarization phase of the action potential, just before the channel closes O during the depolarization phase of the action potential, just after the channel opens O never O at all times that sodium is moving through the membrane O during the repolarization phase of the action potential, just after the channel opens O during the depolarization phase of the action potential, just before the channel closes O during the pacemaker potential, just before the funny channel closes
- In a cardiac auto-rhythmic cell what is the mechanism involved in the change in membrane potential Depolarization: Pna increases, Peak: Na channels close, Plateau: Calcium channels open & Potassium channels close, Repolarization Potassium flows in & Calcium flows out Depolarization: Pna increases, Peak: Na channels close, Plateau: Calcium channels close & Potassium channels open, Repolarization Potassium flows out & Calcium flows in Pacemaker: K+ and Na+ flow, Depolarization: Pca rises Repolarization: Pk rises, 4. If channels close Pacemaker: K+ and Na+ flow, Depolarization: Pca rises Repolarization: Pk rises Depolarization: P wave Repolarization: QRS Complex, Hyperpolarization: T wave O OParasympathetic stimulation decreases the heart rate by Decreasing permeability of SA node cells to Ca2+ increasing ion influx, thus increasing the rate of depolarization. Increasing the permeability of SA node cells to Ca2+. Increasing the permeability of SA (sinoatrial) node cells to K+.For what are If channels responsible in cardiac autorhythmic cells? O Action potential O The pacemaker potential O Cardiac diastole Membrane repolarization
- Cardiac pacemaker cells fıre an action potential similar to neurons. The influx of what ion is responsible for the prolonged depolarization after threshold has been reached in a cardiac muscle fiber? O C- O K+ O Mg+ O Ca 2+Caffeine lowers the heart rate by increasing rates of depolarization at the SA node True False Nicotine raises the heart rate because it stimulates the activity of the sympathetic neurons in medulla oblongata True False The Frank-Starling Law of the Heart states that the force of heart contraction is directly proportional to the initial length of the muscle fiber, within optimal limits of length True False If the sarcomeres stretched beyond the optimal length, the force of contraction would go down, but that can potentially happen only during open heart surgery when the heart is not constrained by the pericardium, lungs, ribs and diaphragm. True False It is the Na+ channel-driven spontaneous depolarization that is affected by sympathetic and parasympathetic inputs to speed up or slow down the firing rate of the SA node and other conductive cells. True FalseThe force of contraction can be changed by: can choose more than on e Group of answer choices - muscarinic ACh receptors. Activation of the receptors leads to decreased Ca2+ entry and increased K+ entry in ventricles. - Beta2 adrenergic receptors. Increasing cAMP leads to increases in PKA, which increases sarcoplasmic calcium by opening VG Ca+ channels for a longer time, opening SR Ca2+ channels, and increasing the rate of Ca2+ removed by SERCA pumps. - Beta1 adrenergic receptors. Increasing cAMP leads to increases in PKA, which increases sarcoplasmic calcium by opening VG Ca+ channels for a longer time, opening SR Ca2+ channels, and increasing the rate of Ca2+ removed by SERCA pumps. - Not by the parasympathetic NS. (at least, not the ventricles).
