V Figure 7.9 Synthesis of membrane components and their orientation in the membrane. The oytoplasmic (orange) face of the plasma membrane differs from the extracellular (aqua) face. The latter arises from the irside face of ER, Golgi, and veside membranes. OMembrane protelns and lipids are synthesized in assoclation with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In the ER, carbohydrates (green) are added to the transmembrane proteins (purple dumbbells), making them glycoprotelns. lihe carbohydrate portions may then be modified. Lipid bilayer Secretory protein Golgi apparatus O Inside the Golgl apparatus, the glycoprotelns undergo further carbohydrate modification, and lipids | acquire carbohydrates, becoming glycoliplds. Transmembrane glycoproteins O The glycoprotelns, glycollipids, and secretory protelns (purple spheres) are transported in vesidles to the plasma membrane. Vesicle Attached carbohydrate OAs vesidles fuse with the plasma membrane, the outside face of the vesidle becomes continuous with the Inside (cytoplasmic) face of the plasma membrane. This releases the secretory protelns from the cell, a process called exocytosk, and positions the carbohydrates of membrane glycoprotelns and glycolipids on the outside |(extracellular) face of the plasma membrane. ER Glycolipid. ER lumen DRAW IT> Drawan integral membrane protain axtenaing from partway through the ER membrana into the ER lumen. Naxt, draw the protein where it would be located in a series of numbered staps ending at the plazma membrane. Would the protein contact the gytoplasm or the extracelular fluid? Explain Plasma membrane: cytoplasmic face. Transmembrane glycoprotein Secreted protein Extracellular face, Membrane glycolipid CHAPTER 7 Membrane Structure and Function 131

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Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.