Use Eq. (2) below to calculate the intrinsic number density of conduction electrons in Si at a temperature of 420 K. You may use the values of effective mass m,* = 1.04mg, mn = 1.09mo, where m, is the mass of a free electron and the band gap energy value E, 1.12 eV. THEORY The conductivity of a semiconductor material can be expressed by = q(nun + PHp), (1) where q is the elementary charge, n the number density of conduction electrons, ln the mobility of conduction electrons, p the number density of holes, and u, the mobility of holes. For an undoped semiconductor, the conductivity is determined by the intrinsic concentration of

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Latches and Flip Flop

Just like logic gates, the latches and flip-flops are the important elements of an electronic circuit. The logic gates form the important part of combinatorial circuits, while the latches and flip-flops form the essential part of a sequential circuit. Sequential circuits form the important concept of automata theory in electronics and electrical engineering, these circuits are a kind of logic circuit whose output depends on both present input and past inputs, that is, the input history.