TOPIC: QUANTUM, ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICIS In C-C bonds of organic molecules, there are orbitals of carbon atoms with different that degenerate and combine with each other, forming so-called hybridized orbitals that give rise to o-type bonds. Consider hydrogen functions with n = 2, that is, 2s and 2p orbitals of carbon. In sp² hybridization of carbon (as in graphite), these linear combinations i (i = 1, 2, 3) are the following: 4₁ = 4/₂ = 43 = 1 √√34/25 1 √34 1 :42s + -Y2px V 1 √34/25 +. :42px + 1 √2px 1 √6² 1 √642py :42py Note that the 2pz orbital does not participate in this hybridization. Show that the points of maximum probability density for this hybridization are contained in the XY plane and form the vertices of an equilateral triangle whose geometric center is at the origin.
Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
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