To test the effect of a new diet on weight loss, a cardiologist has all his patients follow the diet for 8 weeks. At the end of the 8-week period, eighty percent (80%) of the patients experienced statistically significant weight loss. The cardiologist concludes that the new diet is an effective treatment for losing weight, but his conclusion is questionable because the weight loss experienced by the patients may have been due to the placebo effect. In this one-track experiment, the explanatory variable and the placebo effect are     Confounded     Valid     Reliable     Stratified

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