Tips, take 2. In another experiment to see if gettingcandy after a meal would induce customers to leave abigger tip, a waitress randomly decided what to do with80 dining parties. Some parties received no candy, somejust one piece, and some two pieces. Others initially got just one piece of candy, and then the waitress sug-gested that they take another piece. She recorded the tips received, finding that, in general, the more candy, thehigher the tip, but the highest tips (23%) came from theparties who got one piece and then were offered more.(Source: “Sweetening the Till: The Use of Candy toIncrease Restaurant Tipping.” Journal of Applied SocialPsychology 32, no. 2 [2002]: 300–309)a) Diagram this experiment.b) How many factors are there? How many levels?c) How many treatments are there?d) What is the response variable?e) Did this experiment involve blinding?Double-blinding? f) In what way might the waitress, perhaps unintention-ally, have biased the results?

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Estimation

A new framework of data analysis where the new statistical methods are used for interpreting the results and analyzing the data is known as estimation in statistics.