there is a significant relationship between cognitive ability and social status, at least for birds. Boogert, Reader, and Laland (2006) measured social status and individual learning ability for a group of starlings. The following data represent results similar to those obtained in the study. Because social status is an ordinal variable consisting of five ordered categories, the Spearman correlation is appropriate for these data. Convert the social status categories and the learning scores to ranks and compute the Spearman correlation.

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