The wall shear stress in a fully developed flow portion of a 18-in.-diameter pipe carrying water is 2.00 lb/ft2. Determine the pressure gradient, ap/ax, where x is in the flow direction, if the pipe is (a) horizontal, (b) vertical with flow up, or (c) vertical with flow down. (a) Əp/ax = (b) др/дх= i IM (c) Əp/Əx = i lb/ft3 lb/ft3 lb/ft³

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Metrology of surface finish

In general terms, the application of scientific principles in the study of measurements is known as metrology. When speaking about measurement, it could be of time, length, microstructures, grain structures, internal crystal discontinuities, surface roughness, measurements of angles, height, width, and so on. While coming to the domain of mechanical engineering, metrology is considered the science of measurements of surface finish, length, surface texture, and angles.