The two encryption/decryption methods are: Substitution cipher Caesar cipher You will need to research each and determine how to implement them. Remember in the case of the Caesar cipher there are 25 possible shifts, you must be able to choose or test for all 25 options.
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- Implement RSA algorithm, without using existing libraries. Your program takes as input a file with the following information, your input file, it will be named input_rsa.txt: a key K (public key if the a=0, and private key if a=1) an input x an integer a of value 0 indicating encryption, and value 1 indicating decryptionDraw the TST that results when the keys "now is the time for all good people to come to the aid of" are inserted in that order into an initially empty TSTFind the error in the following argument: Theorem. All computer programs contain the same number of bugs. Proof. If we show that any set of n programs contains the same number of bugs, then we have proved the theorem. We argue by induction on n. If n=1 then in any set of 1 program, all the programs contain the same number of bugs, so the statement is true, in this case. Now suppose that for every set of programs containing less then n programs, all the programs have the same number of bugs. Let DD be a set of n programs p1,p2,…,pn. Now the set D1={p2,…,pn} contains n−1 programs and hence they all contain the same number of bugs, by the induction hypothesis. Similarly the set D2={p1,…,pn−1} contains n−1 programs and hence they all contain the same number of bugs. In particular p1 and pn contains the same number of bugs as the other programs in the set. Hence all the programs contain the same number of bugs.
- A Python language Programming in Natural Language Many researchers today now use data from Twitter to analyze and predict the future events. Questions such as which place in a country is the happiest one, who will be the next US president and which place has the highest rate of depressed people, sometimes depend on the information extracted from thousands of tweets. In case of predicting the happiest state in the US, NLP experts have a set of words that also contains their rates, respectively. For example, the word “great” may have a rate from a scale of 1 to 10, 10; the word "awesome" may have a rate of 8; the word “sad” may have a rate 1 and so on. By computing the average score of a tweet using this set of words, researchers would now be able to measure and categorize the mood of a tweet depending on a certain threshold. In this problem, you will be an assistant of an NLP expert who will determine the mood of a tweet. The category would be: < 5 is "sad" >= 5 is "happy" Let…There are a set of courses, each of them requiring a set of disjoint time intervals. For example, a course could require the time from 9am to 11am and 2pm to 3pm and 4pm to 5pm. You want to know, given a number K, if it’s possible to take at least K courses. You can only take one course at any single point in time (i.e. any two courses you choose can’t overlap). Show that the problem is NP-complete, which means that choosing courses is indeed a difficult thing in our life. Use a reduction from the Independent set problem.Imagine there are N teams competing in a tournament, and that each team plays each of the other teams once. If a tournament were to take place, it should be demonstrated (using an example) that every team would lose to at least one other team in the tournament.
- Whenever you mail a letter, you must decide how much postage to put on the envelope. You like to use this rule of thumb – use a stamp for every five sheets of paper or fraction thereof. For example, if you have 11 sheets of paper, then you use three stamps. Since you’re parsimonious, if an envelope requires more than three stamps, then you simply don’t mail the envelope. Show how the number of stamps per envelope would be calculated. Provide a solution in the form of pseudocode. Your pseudocode must read in appropriate data and print how many stamps to use.please code in python Implement an encryption function that tests that input 0xADE1 yields ciphertext (188, 153). You may hard-code these values for testing. Do NOT use ANY string/character manipulation or arithmetic functions to implement your solution.Mastermind is a code-breaking game for two players. In the original real-world game, one player A selects 4 pegs out of 6 colors and puts them in a certain fixed order; multiples of colors are possible (for example, red-green red-green). His opponent B does not know the colors or order but has to find out the secret code. To do so, B makes a series of guesses, each evaluated by the first player. A guess consists of an ordered set of colors which B believes is the code. The first player A evaluates the guess and feeds back to B how many positions and colors are correct. A position is correct ("black") if the guess and the secret code have the same color. Additional colors are correct ("white"), if they are in the guess and the code, but not at the same location. For example1 2 3 4secret: red-green red greenguess: red blue green purpleresults in one correct position ("black = 1") for the red peg at position one and one additional correct color ("white=1") for the green peg in the guess.…
- In programming, we use the mask concept to indicate information that can be shown to the user and information that must be “masked”, that is, hidden. In an implementation of a hangman game, we use a mask to indicate which secret word positions the player has already guessed right (whose the contents must therefore be shown to the player), and which positions must remain hidden. Each time that the player hits a letter of the hidden word, the mask is updated so that it has little dashes in the places of letters that the player has not hit yet and show it, in their proper place, the letters that he already hit it. For example, if the word is "cards", the current mask is: - a - - s and the player guesses the letter "d", the mask should be updated to: - a - ds.Write a function called update_mask that takes as input a string containing the word secret (in the example above, this word would be “cards”), a list whose elements are the characters of the current mask (in the example above…Substitution Cipher is an old technique that substitutes one thing for another. For example, alphabet messages can be ciphered by applying the following substitution. plaintext: abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz | | V Vciphertext: mnbvcxzasdfghjklpoiuytrewq However, this type of ciphering produces patterns since the same plaintext strings produce the same cipher text. Polyalphabetic Cipher, on the other hand mitigates this problem as plaintext characters are not always replaced with the same cipher text character. The replacement of each character dependson a key as well as on the position of the character in the text; for example, by using a formula such as: for (int i=0; i < length of P; i++) C[i] = P[i] + K + (i mod 3) In essence, if the key, K, is choses as K=10, then 10 is added to characters in position 0, 3, 6, …; and 11 is added for those in…using Python programming language. The Towers of Hanoi is a classic puzzle that consists of 3 towers, and n disks of different sizes that can slide onto any tower. The puzzle starts with the disks sorted in ascending order of size from top to bottom. It has the following constraints:a. Only one disk can be moved at a time.b. A disk can only be moved from the top of one tower to another tower.c. A disk can only be placed on top of a larger disk. Write a pseudo-code.