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The tragedy of commons occurred due to some individual action influencing the collective rationality. Garrett Harden is the one who made this theory popular.
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- What is a negative externality? Group of answer choices -When there is a cost involved in the production of a good -When the production or consumption of a good results in a negative spillover to society that is not paid for by the business or the consumer. -When there is a benefit involved in the production of a good -When there is an external negativity, such as an outsider criticizing a product.NoneIf production of a good is known to create external benefits a. Those benefits are larger than those received by the consumers of that good b. Those benefits are smaller than those received by the consumers of that good c. Those benefits are the same as those received by the consumers of that good
- Can you answer this?Air horns impose many external costs on society: the risk of being deafened, the annoyance of being awakened in the middle of the night, and so on. Therefore, the market equilibrium quantity of air horns is not equal to the socially optimal quantity. The following graph shows the demand for air horns (their private value), the supply of air horns (the private cost of producing them), and the social cost of air horns, including both the private cost and external costs. Use the black point (plus symbol) to indicate the market equilibrium quantity. Next, use the purple point (diamond symbol) to indicate the socially optimal quantity.Consider the market for bolts. Suppose that a hardware factory dumps toxic waste into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the factory. Producing an additional ton of bolts imposes a constant external cost of $90 per ton. The following graph shows the demand (private value) curve and the supply (private cost) curve for bolts. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the social cost curve when the external cost is $90 per ton. PRICE (Dollars per ton of bolts 600 540 480 420 360 300 240 180 120 60 0 0 C ☐ 1 O ☐ 2 O 0 3 4 QUANTITY (Tons of bolts) 0 The market equilibrium quantity is O ☐ 5 Supply (Private Cost) Demand (Private Value) 6 7 Social Cost (?) ▼ tons of bolts, but the socially optimal quantity of bolt production is To create an incentive for the firm to produce the socially optimal quantity of bolts, the government could impose a $ per ton of bolts. tons. of
- Examples of element in the external environmentCan you answer this.If a competitive market is characterized by a negative externality, then which of the following statements is true Question 5Answer a. Social surplus is less than market surplus b. Social surplus is equal to market surplus c. Social surplus may be greater than or less than market surplus, depending on the size of the externality d. Social surplus is greater than market surplus
- The marginal private cost of fertilizer production is MPC = 40 + Q, where Q is the amount of fertilizer produced. The marginal benefit (both private and social) of fertilizer is MB = 340 – 4Q. In addition to the private costs faced by producers of fertilizer, people who walk or drive past the area where the fertilizer is produced also face costs because of the horrible smell of the fertilizer; the marginal external cost generated by the fertilizer is MEC = 20 + 3Q. How much fertilizer will be produced by the free market? What is the efficient quantity of fertilizer? Calculate the amount of deadweight loss in this market, and explain what this number means. Suppose that the government realizes that the current amount of fertilizer produced by the free market is inefficient and decides to correct this inefficiency by taxing the production of fertilizer. How large should the tax per unit of fertilizer be to induce the market to produce the efficient amount, and why would such a tax…The graph illustrates the unregulated market for pesticide. When the factories produce pesticide, they also create waste which they dump into a lake on the outskirts of a small town. The marginal external cost of the dumped waste is equal to the marginal private cost of producing pesticide (that is, the marginal social cost of producing the pesticide is double the marginal private cost). If the pesticide factories own the lake, how much pesticide is produced? If the pesticide factories own the lake, the quantity of pesticide produced is tons a week. 1080- 960- 840- 720- 600- 480- 360- 240- 120- 0+ 0 Price and cost (dollars per ton) 30 S 120 D 60 90 Quantity (tons per week) >>> Draw only the objects specified in the question. Q Q 150Consider the market for steel. Suppose that a steel manufacturing plant dumps toxic waste into a nearby river, creating a negative externality for those living downstream from the plant. Producing an additional ton of steel imposes a constant external cost of $315 per ton. The following graph shows the demand (marginal private benefit) curve and the supply (marginal private cost) curve for steel. Use the purple points (diamond symbol) to plot the marginal social cost curve when the external cost is $315 per ton. PRICE (Dollars per ton of steel) 900 810 720 630 540 450+ Supply (MPC) 360 270 180 90 0 0 1 2 3 4 QUANTITY (Tons of steel) Demand (MPB) 5 6 7 Marginal Social Cost The market equilibrium quantity is tons of steel, but the socially efficient quantity of steel production is tons. To create an incentive for the firm to produce the socially efficient quantity of steel, the government could impose a of steel. per ton