The total nuclear binding energy is the energy required to split a nucleus of an atom in its component parts: protons and neutrons, or, collectively, the nucleons. It describes how strongly nucleons are bound to each other. When a high amount of energy is needed to separate the nucleons, it means nucleus is very stable and the neutrons and protons are tightly bound to each other. The atomic number or proton number (symbol Z) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. The sum of the atomic number Z and the number of neutrons N gives the mass number A of an atom. + Binding energy Nucleus ksmaller mass) Separated nucleons (greater mass) Figure 1: Binding Energy in the Nucleus The approximate nuclear binding energy Eb in million electron volts, of an atomic nucleus with atomic number Z and mass number A is calculated using the

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The total nuclear binding energy is the energy required to split a nucleus of an
atom in its component parts: protons and neutrons, or, collectively, the nucleons.
It describes how strongly nucleons are bound to each other. When a high amount
of energy is needed to separate the nucleons, it means nucleus is very stable
and the neutrons and protons are tightly bound to each other.
The atomic number or proton number (symbol Z) is the number of protons found
in the nucleus of an atom. The sum of the atomic number Z and the number of
neutrons N gives the mass number A of an atom.
+ Binding energy
Nucleus
(smaller mass)
Separated nucleons
(greater mass)
Figure 1: Binding Energy in the Nucleus
The approximate nuclear binding energy Eb in million electron volts, of an atomic
nucleus with atomic number Z and mass number A is calculated using the
following formula:
(A – 22)²
- as
as
Eb = a,A – ażA3 – az-
1
A
AZ
where, a, = 15.67, az = 17.23, az = 0.75, a4 = 93.2 ,and
R12.0
if A is odd
if A and Z are both even
if A is even and Z is Odd
as =
12.0
–12.0
The binding energy per nucleon (BEN) is calculated by dividing the binding
energy (Eb) by the mass number (A).
You are asked to write a program that requests the user for a valid atomic
number (Z) then goes through all values of A from A = Z to A = 4Z. For example,
if the user inputs 5 for Z then A will be all numbers from 5 (Z) to 20 (4 * Z)
inclusive, see the example output in figure 2.
If the user enters invalid atomic number that is not between 1 and 118, the
program should give the user another chance to enter a valid input as shown in
figure 2.
Your main task is to find the nucleus with the highest binding energy per nucleon,
which corresponds to the most stable configuration (figure 2), and writes a copy
of the table to a text file named output.txt (figure3).
In [25) : runfile('/Users/hamzazidoum/Documents/2101/21e1_s2021/
Programming Assignments/PA4/pa4_nuclear.py', wdire'/Users/hamzazidoum/
Documents/2101/2i01_s2021/Programming Ass ignments/PA4)
>>>Enter valid atomic number (Z) [1,118): e
>>>Enter valid atomi c number
(Z)
(1,118) : -120
>>>Enter valid atomic number (2)
(1,118) : 200
>>>Enter valid atomic number (2)
(z) (1,118): 5
binding
energy
====-3=
-448.9 96
-226.623
-82.990
-3.778
47.111
64.228
70.245
55.e09
35.952
1.794
-32.682
-78.825
-123.4 53
-177.641
-229.3e7
-289.143
binding energy
per Nucleon
====== ====
-89.799
-37.771
-11.856
-0.472
5.235
6.423
6.386
4.584
2.766
e.128
-2.179
-4.927
-7.262
-9.869
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
-12.069
-14.457
The most stable nucleus has a mass number 10
Figure 2: Sample run of the program
Transcribed Image Text:The total nuclear binding energy is the energy required to split a nucleus of an atom in its component parts: protons and neutrons, or, collectively, the nucleons. It describes how strongly nucleons are bound to each other. When a high amount of energy is needed to separate the nucleons, it means nucleus is very stable and the neutrons and protons are tightly bound to each other. The atomic number or proton number (symbol Z) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. The sum of the atomic number Z and the number of neutrons N gives the mass number A of an atom. + Binding energy Nucleus (smaller mass) Separated nucleons (greater mass) Figure 1: Binding Energy in the Nucleus The approximate nuclear binding energy Eb in million electron volts, of an atomic nucleus with atomic number Z and mass number A is calculated using the following formula: (A – 22)² - as as Eb = a,A – ażA3 – az- 1 A AZ where, a, = 15.67, az = 17.23, az = 0.75, a4 = 93.2 ,and R12.0 if A is odd if A and Z are both even if A is even and Z is Odd as = 12.0 –12.0 The binding energy per nucleon (BEN) is calculated by dividing the binding energy (Eb) by the mass number (A). You are asked to write a program that requests the user for a valid atomic number (Z) then goes through all values of A from A = Z to A = 4Z. For example, if the user inputs 5 for Z then A will be all numbers from 5 (Z) to 20 (4 * Z) inclusive, see the example output in figure 2. If the user enters invalid atomic number that is not between 1 and 118, the program should give the user another chance to enter a valid input as shown in figure 2. Your main task is to find the nucleus with the highest binding energy per nucleon, which corresponds to the most stable configuration (figure 2), and writes a copy of the table to a text file named output.txt (figure3). In [25) : runfile('/Users/hamzazidoum/Documents/2101/21e1_s2021/ Programming Assignments/PA4/pa4_nuclear.py', wdire'/Users/hamzazidoum/ Documents/2101/2i01_s2021/Programming Ass ignments/PA4) >>>Enter valid atomic number (Z) [1,118): e >>>Enter valid atomi c number (Z) (1,118) : -120 >>>Enter valid atomic number (2) (1,118) : 200 >>>Enter valid atomic number (2) (z) (1,118): 5 binding energy ====-3= -448.9 96 -226.623 -82.990 -3.778 47.111 64.228 70.245 55.e09 35.952 1.794 -32.682 -78.825 -123.4 53 -177.641 -229.3e7 -289.143 binding energy per Nucleon ====== ==== -89.799 -37.771 -11.856 -0.472 5.235 6.423 6.386 4.584 2.766 e.128 -2.179 -4.927 -7.262 -9.869 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 -12.069 -14.457 The most stable nucleus has a mass number 10 Figure 2: Sample run of the program
output.txt -
binding
binding_ energy
per Nucleon
- ------
energy
-448.996
-89.799
-37.771
-11.856
-0.472
5.235
-226.623
-82.990
-3.778
47.111
64.228
70.245
55.009
35.952
1.794
-32.682
-78.825
-123.453
-177.641
-229.307
-289.143
6.423
6.386
4.584
2.766
0.128
-2.179
-4.927
-7.262
-9.869
-12.069
-14.457
15
16
17
18
19
20
Figure 3: Output File
Your program should be modular and consists of the following functions:
a) read():
- Ask the user for a valid atomic number (Z)
b) compute_binding_energy (Z, table):
- Build the table (a list of lists) of binding energy where the columns are:
the mass number (A), the binding energy (Eb) and the binding energy per
nucleon (BEN), while the rows range from A = Z to A = 4Z
c) most_stable(table) :
- Find and return the row that contains the highest binding energy per
nucleon, which corresponds to the most stable configuration.
d) print_table(table) :
- Print the table in a neat tabular format as shown in the sample run in
figure 2.
e) write_to_file(table, file_name):
- Save the table in a text file output.txt as shown in figure 3.
Transcribed Image Text:output.txt - binding binding_ energy per Nucleon - ------ energy -448.996 -89.799 -37.771 -11.856 -0.472 5.235 -226.623 -82.990 -3.778 47.111 64.228 70.245 55.009 35.952 1.794 -32.682 -78.825 -123.453 -177.641 -229.307 -289.143 6.423 6.386 4.584 2.766 0.128 -2.179 -4.927 -7.262 -9.869 -12.069 -14.457 15 16 17 18 19 20 Figure 3: Output File Your program should be modular and consists of the following functions: a) read(): - Ask the user for a valid atomic number (Z) b) compute_binding_energy (Z, table): - Build the table (a list of lists) of binding energy where the columns are: the mass number (A), the binding energy (Eb) and the binding energy per nucleon (BEN), while the rows range from A = Z to A = 4Z c) most_stable(table) : - Find and return the row that contains the highest binding energy per nucleon, which corresponds to the most stable configuration. d) print_table(table) : - Print the table in a neat tabular format as shown in the sample run in figure 2. e) write_to_file(table, file_name): - Save the table in a text file output.txt as shown in figure 3.
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