The polarity if the solvent and other environmental factors can affect the pKa of a weak acid. Suppose that the amino group of a protein has a pKa of about 8.0 when exposed to water on the outside of a protein. (a) Would you expect the pKa to be higher or lower than 8 if the group were buried in the hydrophobic interior of a protein? Explain. (b) Suppose that the hydrophobic interion of the protein contains a carboxylate side chains of an Asp residue in close proximity to the amino group. What would you now expect for the pKa of the amino group?

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Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.