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The Philippine as Independent Nation 1. Explain how the Liberal Party came its being in 1946. •

The Philippine as Independent Nation 1. Explain how the Liberal Party came its being in 1946. •

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The Philippine as Independent Nation


1. Explain how the Liberal Party came its being in 1946.
•
2. How would you compare the 1946 elections with those held in subsequent years under the Republic?
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3. What was the collaboration issue? How did the Filipino who served with the Japanese explain their actions? How did the collaboration issue come to an end?
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4. Would it be correct to say that the United States gave the Philippines her Independence on July 4,1946? Explain.
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5. What was the biggest economic problem faced by the Philippines in 1946?
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6. Mention some of the things the U.S did to help in the recovery of the Philippines.
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7. In exchange for American aid, what did the Philippines give in return?
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8. Why was the Philippines foreign policy adopted in 1946 pro American?
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9. Mention some examples to show that Philippine foreign policy was also anti-communist.
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10. Describe briefly the rise of the communist Huk threat in the Philippines in the 1940s and 1950s. Who was largely responsible for checking the Huk threat in the country?
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11. Mention some regional organizations that the Philippines joined or help establish after she became independent. What happen to these organizations?
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12. In what way has the United Nations helped the Philippines? Mention some of the significant contributions of the Philippines to the United Nations.
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13. Name the presidents of the Philippines since July 4, 1946.
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14. How did Mrs. Corazon C. Aquino become President of the Philippines? What distinction did she achieve when she became the president?
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The collaboration issue sharply divided the nation. There were many who felt that those who served in the Japanese- sponsored government were traitors to the nation. They believed that these collabo- rators should be punished. But there were also many who believed otherwise. They felt that the collaborators should not be punished at all. Even Quezon and OSsınena refused to condemn the collaborators. According to Quezon, "they were not traitors... It is most probable that they accepted their positions in order to safeguard the welfare of the civilian population defended some of the collaborators, say- ing that had they not collaborated, the Japanese would have used "unscrupulous treacherous Filipinos and the resSult would have been calamitous and the injuries in- flicted on our body politic beyond cure. Just the sanne, Osmena could not ignore the clamor and pressure to punish the col- la borators. On Sept. 25, 1945, he ordered the creation of a People's Court to try col- laboration cases. Osmena, however, de- clared that every case would be judged on its merits and in accordance with law. Lorenzo M. Tanada was named solicitor- general who would prosecute collabora- tors. The first to be tried by the People's Court was Teofilo M. Sison, Secretary of National De fense of the Common we al th. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. Collaboration also became a top issue in the 1946 election. Many of the candi- dates had served under the Japanese. Des- pite this, however, many of them were elected into office. In voting these offi- cials into office, the people had in effect decided that these officials had not been disloyal to their country. The collaboration issue came to an end when President Roxas proclaimed an am- nesty to all political collaborators on Jan. 28, 1948. In his proclamation, Roxas said that "the majority of the Filipino people realize that the alleged acts attributed to political collaborators either were not voluntary... or were performed in the. organized with Senator Jose Avelino as Senate President and Congressman Euge- nio Perez as House Speaker. One of the last acts of the Commonwealth Congress was its acceptance of the Philippine Reha- bilitation Act and the Philippine Trade Act enacted by the U.S. Congress. CHAPTER 15 RESTORATION OF FREEDOM: THE BIRTH OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES The Collaboration Issue. One of thé According to the Tydings-McDuffie Act, Phlippine independence was going to be granted at the end of a 10 year transition period. During this period, the Philippines would be governed by a Filipino Com- monwealth government which would be- come the government of the Republic of the Philippines once independence was proclaimed This transition period ended in 1945, the same year that World War II, the big- gest and most destructive war in history, came to an end. In this chapter, we will learn about the birth of the Third Repub- lic of the Philippines and the problems that faced our nation. most controversial issues that arose with Before the election was held, the Nacio nalista Party split into two camps - one led by Manuel Roxas and the other head- ed by Pre sident Sergio Osmena The Rox as camp became the Liberal Party. The two political parties were the major contenders in the 1946 elections. Roxas was the presidential candidate of the Libe- ral Party with Sen. Elpidio Quirino as his ninning mate. The Nacionalista Party candidates we re Osmena and Sen. Eulo- gio "Amang"" Rodriguez. The Liberal Party emerged victorious Roxas defeated Osnena. Quirino won the vice-presidency. Of 16 senatorial seats at stake, the Liberals won nine to give them a 13-11 edge in the upPper house. In the House of Representatives, the Liberats won 60 out of 98 seats. The 1946 election was a hotly contest- ed political battle. Despite this, it was one of the cleanest and most honest elections in the Philippines. This was largely due to the sportsmanship of Osme na. He was a gentleman politician. He could have taken advantage of his position and use the po- wers of his office to win the election, but he did not. At one time, when Osmena learned that his running mate, Sen. Rodri- guez, had used two Philippine Army planes to bring NP camp aign materials to the provinces, he gave the same privilege to his rival, Roxas. When Osmena learned of his defeat, he graciously congratulated the victor. Roxas was inaugurated as the last Presi- dent of the Philippine Commonwealth on May 28, 1946. He was sworn in by Chief Justice Manuel V. Moran amidst colorful inaugural ceremonies in front of the war- damaged Legislative Building. Earlier, on May 25, the newly-elected Congress was the restoration of the Philippine Com- monwealth was the collaboration issue -- what to do with the Filipinos who served under the Japanese-sponsored govern- ." Osmena ment. It was an issue that, according to President Rox as, had divided the people "in a manner which threatens the unity of the nation at a time when public welfare requires the said unity be safeguarded and preserved." The issue affected or involved many prominent officials of the Commonweal th government whom Quezon had left be- hind in Manila in December 1941 when he evacuated to Corregidor and, later, to the United States. They became high offi- cials, too, of the Philippine Executive Commission set up by the Japanese and of the Japanese-sponsored 2nd Republic of the Philippines. These officials included Jose P. Laurel, Claro M. Recto, Jose Yulo, Benigno S. Aquino, Teofilo Sison, Rafael Alunan, Jorge B. Vargas and Camilo Osias. For serving under the Japanese, they were called "collaborators" and accused of being disloy al to the United States and the Commonweal th. Those accused of collaborating with the enemy justified what they did on the grounds that they served under the Japan- ese with g reat reluctance. They reasoned out that they had no choice but to obey the Japane se. Some felt that it was their patriotic du ty to collaborate with the Ja- panese to protect the people from a worse fate. unity Last Year of the Commonwealth. It will be recalled that the 1935 Constitu- tion established the unicameral National Assembly as the legislative branch of the Commonwe alth government. But in 1940. the Constitution was amended to abolish the National Assembly and replace it with a bicameral Congress of the Philippines. The members of this Congress were elect- ed in November 1941. But the new legis- latu re was not able to meet in session be- cause a month later, World War I1 broke out and the country came under Japanese occupation. It was only after the liberation of the Philippines that the First Congress of the Philippines was able to convene itself. The Congress met for the first time on June 6, 1945. Brigadier General Mamuel A Roxas was elected Senate President while Representative Jose C. Zulueta was chosen Speaker of the House of Repre- sentatives. The lawmaking body passed a law calling for national elections on April 23, 1946. The U.S. government was most insist- ent in punishing those who helped the Ja- panese. The Americans even exerted pres- su re on Osme na to take action against the collaborators. 133 134
Transcribed Image Text:The collaboration issue sharply divided the nation. There were many who felt that those who served in the Japanese- sponsored government were traitors to the nation. They believed that these collabo- rators should be punished. But there were also many who believed otherwise. They felt that the collaborators should not be punished at all. Even Quezon and OSsınena refused to condemn the collaborators. According to Quezon, "they were not traitors... It is most probable that they accepted their positions in order to safeguard the welfare of the civilian population defended some of the collaborators, say- ing that had they not collaborated, the Japanese would have used "unscrupulous treacherous Filipinos and the resSult would have been calamitous and the injuries in- flicted on our body politic beyond cure. Just the sanne, Osmena could not ignore the clamor and pressure to punish the col- la borators. On Sept. 25, 1945, he ordered the creation of a People's Court to try col- laboration cases. Osmena, however, de- clared that every case would be judged on its merits and in accordance with law. Lorenzo M. Tanada was named solicitor- general who would prosecute collabora- tors. The first to be tried by the People's Court was Teofilo M. Sison, Secretary of National De fense of the Common we al th. He was sentenced to life imprisonment. Collaboration also became a top issue in the 1946 election. Many of the candi- dates had served under the Japanese. Des- pite this, however, many of them were elected into office. In voting these offi- cials into office, the people had in effect decided that these officials had not been disloyal to their country. The collaboration issue came to an end when President Roxas proclaimed an am- nesty to all political collaborators on Jan. 28, 1948. In his proclamation, Roxas said that "the majority of the Filipino people realize that the alleged acts attributed to political collaborators either were not voluntary... or were performed in the. organized with Senator Jose Avelino as Senate President and Congressman Euge- nio Perez as House Speaker. One of the last acts of the Commonwealth Congress was its acceptance of the Philippine Reha- bilitation Act and the Philippine Trade Act enacted by the U.S. Congress. CHAPTER 15 RESTORATION OF FREEDOM: THE BIRTH OF THE THIRD REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES The Collaboration Issue. One of thé According to the Tydings-McDuffie Act, Phlippine independence was going to be granted at the end of a 10 year transition period. During this period, the Philippines would be governed by a Filipino Com- monwealth government which would be- come the government of the Republic of the Philippines once independence was proclaimed This transition period ended in 1945, the same year that World War II, the big- gest and most destructive war in history, came to an end. In this chapter, we will learn about the birth of the Third Repub- lic of the Philippines and the problems that faced our nation. most controversial issues that arose with Before the election was held, the Nacio nalista Party split into two camps - one led by Manuel Roxas and the other head- ed by Pre sident Sergio Osmena The Rox as camp became the Liberal Party. The two political parties were the major contenders in the 1946 elections. Roxas was the presidential candidate of the Libe- ral Party with Sen. Elpidio Quirino as his ninning mate. The Nacionalista Party candidates we re Osmena and Sen. Eulo- gio "Amang"" Rodriguez. The Liberal Party emerged victorious Roxas defeated Osnena. Quirino won the vice-presidency. Of 16 senatorial seats at stake, the Liberals won nine to give them a 13-11 edge in the upPper house. In the House of Representatives, the Liberats won 60 out of 98 seats. The 1946 election was a hotly contest- ed political battle. Despite this, it was one of the cleanest and most honest elections in the Philippines. This was largely due to the sportsmanship of Osme na. He was a gentleman politician. He could have taken advantage of his position and use the po- wers of his office to win the election, but he did not. At one time, when Osmena learned that his running mate, Sen. Rodri- guez, had used two Philippine Army planes to bring NP camp aign materials to the provinces, he gave the same privilege to his rival, Roxas. When Osmena learned of his defeat, he graciously congratulated the victor. Roxas was inaugurated as the last Presi- dent of the Philippine Commonwealth on May 28, 1946. He was sworn in by Chief Justice Manuel V. Moran amidst colorful inaugural ceremonies in front of the war- damaged Legislative Building. Earlier, on May 25, the newly-elected Congress was the restoration of the Philippine Com- monwealth was the collaboration issue -- what to do with the Filipinos who served under the Japanese-sponsored govern- ." Osmena ment. It was an issue that, according to President Rox as, had divided the people "in a manner which threatens the unity of the nation at a time when public welfare requires the said unity be safeguarded and preserved." The issue affected or involved many prominent officials of the Commonweal th government whom Quezon had left be- hind in Manila in December 1941 when he evacuated to Corregidor and, later, to the United States. They became high offi- cials, too, of the Philippine Executive Commission set up by the Japanese and of the Japanese-sponsored 2nd Republic of the Philippines. These officials included Jose P. Laurel, Claro M. Recto, Jose Yulo, Benigno S. Aquino, Teofilo Sison, Rafael Alunan, Jorge B. Vargas and Camilo Osias. For serving under the Japanese, they were called "collaborators" and accused of being disloy al to the United States and the Commonweal th. Those accused of collaborating with the enemy justified what they did on the grounds that they served under the Japan- ese with g reat reluctance. They reasoned out that they had no choice but to obey the Japane se. Some felt that it was their patriotic du ty to collaborate with the Ja- panese to protect the people from a worse fate. unity Last Year of the Commonwealth. It will be recalled that the 1935 Constitu- tion established the unicameral National Assembly as the legislative branch of the Commonwe alth government. But in 1940. the Constitution was amended to abolish the National Assembly and replace it with a bicameral Congress of the Philippines. The members of this Congress were elect- ed in November 1941. But the new legis- latu re was not able to meet in session be- cause a month later, World War I1 broke out and the country came under Japanese occupation. It was only after the liberation of the Philippines that the First Congress of the Philippines was able to convene itself. The Congress met for the first time on June 6, 1945. Brigadier General Mamuel A Roxas was elected Senate President while Representative Jose C. Zulueta was chosen Speaker of the House of Repre- sentatives. The lawmaking body passed a law calling for national elections on April 23, 1946. The U.S. government was most insist- ent in punishing those who helped the Ja- panese. The Americans even exerted pres- su re on Osme na to take action against the collaborators. 133 134
UNIT FIVE The Philippines as an Independent Nation In081 SAI 132
Transcribed Image Text:UNIT FIVE The Philippines as an Independent Nation In081 SAI 132
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