The percent divergence between humans and gorillas at this locus ( gene) is estimated to be around 14.3%. Use your molecular clock to determine how ling since humans and gorillas shared a common ancestor and provide your answer.
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- This is a potential phylogenetic tree created by anthropologists at UC Berkeley.A-Ardipithecus ramidusB-Australopithecus anamensisC-Australopithecus afarensisD-Australopithecus africanusE-Paranthropus aethiopicusF-Paranthropus robustusG-Paranthropus boiseiH-Australopithecus garhiI-Homo rudolfensisJ-Homo habilusK-Homo ergasterL-Homo erectusM-Homo heidelbergensisN-Homo neanderthalensisO-Homo sapiens What kinds of evidence to you think anthropologists used to create this tree?Directions: Examine the chart below: 0 means the trait is absent, 1 means the trait is present. Notice that a couple of things are different from the previous charts. Firstly, the derived traits and species name have switched axis. Secondly, you will see that in this chart there are derived traits that have evolved independently in different organisms. Use the principle of maximum parsimony to make a draft of the cladogram. The theory of maximum parsimony states that the simplest explanation consistent with the data should be examined first. The most parsimonious trees require the fewest evolutionary events. Construct your own cladogram using the information from the chart as a guide. Derived Trait 1 2 3 4 6. 7 8 Lamprey Salmon 1 1 1 Tuna 1 1 1 Mackerel 1 Trout 1 1 1 1 Halibut 1 1 1 1 1 1 1-Snakes evolved from ancestors who had the ability to walk. Some snakes, in fact, still have small pelvis and leg bones that are remnants from this ancestor. What are these caled? Vestiglal structure O Homologous strucre O Sympatric structure O Molecular homology In the 1890s, hunting reduced the northern elephant seal population to only 20 individuals. Due to conservation efforts, their population size today is above 30,000. Of what is this an example? Founder effect
- Bipedalism BA Option Possible Hypotheses: The data for the Laetoli individuals will be exactly between modern chimpanzees and modern human data. The data for the Laetoli individuals will be more similar to modern chimpanzee data. The data for the Laetoli individuals will be more similar to modern human data.The phylogenetic tree for 12 cat species (Felidae) reproduced at right was assembled from molecular sequence data. Which species is the domestic cats closest relative? Which clade is the sister taxon to tigers? Are bobcats more closely related to cougars or to ocelots? Source: From Warren E. Johnson et al. 2006. The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment. Science 311:7377.Based on this tree, which of the following is most accurate? Baboon Gibbon Orangutan Chimp Human O Gibbons represent a transitional group between baboons and orangutans O None of these statements are accurate O Baboons are the ancestral species of the remaining four taxa O Orangutans are more closely related to chimps than humans O Humans evolved from chimps
- Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion to all parts What evidence shows that the most recent common ancestor of chimpanzees and humans was much more arboreal than modern humans are? We spoke of paleoenvironmental processes that changed the ecological environmental conditions in Africa somewhere around 7 million years in Africa: which are they? How would have these processes might have selected for a less arboreal lifestyle in the human lineage? Why did the same changes not evolve in the chimpanzee lineage?When and where did Homo sapiens originate? Evaluate which hypothesis better supports the current evidence: the multi regional hypothesis (Also called regional continuity model) or the out of Africa hypothesis. (also called the replacement model).Support your answer with a discussion of the behavioral, fossil and genetic lines of evidence for the evolution of modern humans.Recent reconstructions of evolutionary history are often dependenton assigning divergence in terms of changes in amino acid ornucleotide sequences. For example, a comparison of cytochromec shows 10 amino acid differences between humans and dogs,24 differences between humans and moths, and 38 differencesbetween humans and yeast. Such data provide no information asto the absolute times of divergence for humans, dogs, moths, andyeast. How might one calibrate the molecular clock to an absolutetime clock? What problems might one encounter in such acalibration?
- This organism is an animal. What can you infer about its bodystructure and lifestyle (that might not be obvious from itsappearance)? This animal has a protostome developmentalpattern and a trochophore larva. Identify the major clades thatthis animal belongs to. Explain your selection, and describe whenthese clades originated and how they are related to one another.If the genus Australopithecus is considered an outgroup, what are THREE shared derived characters of the genus Homo? Include at least one behavioural character in your list. Explain what makes the characters you've selected shared derived characters. (detailed paragraph format explanation ) max 500 wordsImagine that you are an evolutionary biologist currenyly studying a particular species of snake on an island off the coast of Durban, South Africa and that you have information indicating that1000 years ago, the same species of snakes in that island was observed to exist in a variety of colours (Red blue,yellow green) and that most of the snakes were blue. This same species of snakes and the same mixof colours were also found on the mainland (i.e Kwazulu Natal) Assuming that all the snakes are descended from an ancestral blue snake, explain this change in colour frequency (evolution) as though it were based solely on each of the following processes. a. Natural selection b. Bottleneck effect c. Founder effect