The outer surface of a spacecraft in space has an emissivity of ε=0.8 and a solar absorptivity of a = 0.3. Solar radiation is incident on the spacecraft at a rate of 950 W/m². Determine the surface temperature of the spacecraft when the radiation emitted equals the solar energy absorbed. 950 W/m2 a= 0.3 c=0.8 Qrad
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- Determine the rate of radiant heat emission in watts per square meter from a blackbody at (a) 15C, (b) 600C, and (c) 5700C.A plate-type solar energy collectorr with an absorbing surface covered by a glass is to receive an incident radiation of 800 W/m2. The glass plate has a reflectivity of 0.12 and a transmissivity of 0.80. The absorbing surface has an absorptivity of 0.90. The area of the collector is 5 m2. How much solar energy in watts is absorbed by the collector? ANSWER: 3060 WATTSA particular furnace is shaped like a section of a cone. The top surface of the furnace is uniformly heated by a resistance heater. During operation, the top surface is measured to be 800 K and the power supplied to the resistance heater is 1750 W/m². The sidewall of the furnace is perfectly insulated with & = 0.2. If the emissivity of the top and bottom surfaces are ε = 0.5 and ε = 0.7, respectively, determine the temperatures of the sidewall and the bottom surface of the furnace. A₁ A2 A3 →→D₂ = 20 mm D₁ = 40 mm L = 50 mm
- Consider a large plane wall of thickness L = 0.8 ft and thermal conductivity k = 1.2 Btu/h-ft-°F. The wall is covered with a material that has an emissivity of ε = 0.80 and a solar absorptivity of a = 0.60. The Inner surface of the wall is maintained at T₁ = 524 R at all times, while the outer surface is exposed to solar radiation that is incident at a rate of q solar = 300 Btu/h-ft2. The outer surface is also losing heat by radiation to deep space at O K. 0 Plate a solar o = 0.1714 x 10-8 Btu/h ft2 R4 Sun If the temperature of the outer surface of the wall is 556.39 R, determine the rate of heat transfer through the wall when steady operating conditions are reached. (Round your answer up to 2 decimal places.) 51 Btu/h-ft2 (per The rate of heat transfer through the wall when steady operating conditions are reached unit area)Two surfaces make up an enclosure where surface 1 is flat and has area A1,temperature T1 and emissivity 1. Surface 2 is black and has temperature T2. Showthat the net power transfer rate (net heat flux) in W/m2 at surface 1 is given byA radiator in a domestic heating system operates at a surface temperature of 55°C. Assuming the radiator behaves as a black body, the rate at which it emits the radiant heat per unit area is (assume o = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m²K4)
- A flat-plate collector with one glass cover is placed in horizontal. The absorber plate temperature is 95 oC and its emittance is 0,12. The glass cover temperature is 45 oC, and the (glass) cover has an emittance of 0.85. The plate-cover spacing is 15 mm. The ambient and surrounding temperature are equal at 25 oC. The wind velocity is 20 km/hour. If solar radiation is 850 W/m2 , and the plate absorptivity is 95%, calculate over all heat transfer coefficient losses and the useful energy (W/m2 ). ----- sTwo plates are separated by two radiation shields with emissivities of 0.10 and 0.15for both sides. The two plates are said to have maintained uniform temperatures600 K (emissivity = 0.6) and 300 K (emissivity = 0.7). Calculate the net rate of heattransfer (W/m2) between the two plates with and without the shields per unitsurface area. Determine the rate of heat transfer (W/m2) between the two plateswhen one plate (emissivity = 0.10) is removed. Assume that the temperatures ofradiations shield are in steady operation.Solar radiation is incident on the front surface of athin plate with direct and diffuse components of 300 and 250W/m2, respectively. The direct radiation makes a 30° anglewith the normal of the surface. The plate surfaces have a solarabsorptivity of 0.63 and an emissivity of 0.93. The air temperatureis 5°C and the convection heat transfer coefficient is20 W/m2·K. The effective sky temperature for the front surfaceis -33°C while the surrounding surfaces are at 5°C forthe back surface. Determine the equilibrium temperature ofthe plate.
- Calculate the amount of radiation emitted for a unit surface (1 m2 ) forthe following situations: (a) a hot pavement in Arizona at 50° C and ε ≈ 0.8, (b) a hood of a car at 40° C and ε ≈ 0.9, and (c) a sunbather at 38° C and ε ≈ 0.9. Express your answers in both SI and U.S. Customary units.Determine the net heat transferred by radiation from a 9-ft square hot plate to a cold plate of equal size that are parallel to one another, and 20 ft apart if the hot plate is oxidized steel at 700°F and the cold plate is dull brass at 175°F.Ans: 2,863 Btu/hrTwo large black plates are separated by a vacuum. On the outsideof one plate is a convection environment of 80C with h=100W/m2C,while outside the other plate is exposed to 20C and h=15W/m2C.Make an energy balance for this system and determine the platetemperatures.