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The intake valve opens, and the air- fuel mixture enters as the piston moves The spark plug fires and ignites the mixture. The exhaust valve The piston moves up and compresses the mixture. The hot gas pushes the piston downward. opens, and the residual gas escapes. The piston moves up and pushes the remaining gas out. down. P Spark plug TA TC Air and fuel |Exhaust Adiabatic В — С processes - Piston A D DA A Qh B V Intake stroke Power stroke Spark Release Exhaust Compression stroke V2 V1 stroke e Figure 21.12 PV diagram for the Otto cycle, which approximately represents the processes occur- ring in an internal combustion engine. Figure 21.11 The processes occurring during one cycle of a conventional gasoline engine. The broken lines show the extreme positions of the top of the piston and, therefore, represent the largest and small- est volumes of the gas in the cylinder. Parts a, b, d, and f represent strokes in the cycle, justifying the name of the device as a four-stroke engine. In a stroke, the piston moves up or down between its extreme positions. The red arrows show the direction of travel of the piston, and the letters next to the piston correspond to the states on the PV diagram in Figure 21.12. Parts c and e in the figure represent events, during which the piston does not move. In part c, the spark plug fires and the pressure and temperature of the gas shoot upward. In part e, the exhaust valve opens and the pressure and temperature of the gas plummet. The events in this figure correspond to the constant-volume processes in Figure 21.12. By comparing that figure with this one, convince yourself that the volumes at 0, B, and Care all the same, as indicated by their positions on the upper broken line. Similarly, the volumes at A and Dare the same. 1 e = 1 – (Otto cycle) (21.9) (V,/V,)r-1

The intake valve opens, and the air- fuel mixture enters as the piston moves The spark plug fires and ignites the mixture. The exhaust valve The piston moves up and compresses the mixture. The hot gas pushes the piston downward. opens, and the residual gas escapes. The piston moves up and pushes the remaining gas out. down. P Spark plug TA TC Air and fuel |Exhaust Adiabatic В — С processes - Piston A D DA A Qh B V Intake stroke Power stroke Spark Release Exhaust Compression stroke V2 V1 stroke e Figure 21.12 PV diagram for the Otto cycle, which approximately represents the processes occur- ring in an internal combustion engine. Figure 21.11 The processes occurring during one cycle of a conventional gasoline engine. The broken lines show the extreme positions of the top of the piston and, therefore, represent the largest and small- est volumes of the gas in the cylinder. Parts a, b, d, and f represent strokes in the cycle, justifying the name of the device as a four-stroke engine. In a stroke, the piston moves up or down between its extreme positions. The red arrows show the direction of travel of the piston, and the letters next to the piston correspond to the states on the PV diagram in Figure 21.12. Parts c and e in the figure represent events, during which the piston does not move. In part c, the spark plug fires and the pressure and temperature of the gas shoot upward. In part e, the exhaust valve opens and the pressure and temperature of the gas plummet. The events in this figure correspond to the constant-volume processes in Figure 21.12. By comparing that figure with this one, convince yourself that the volumes at 0, B, and Care all the same, as indicated by their positions on the upper broken line. Similarly, the volumes at A and Dare the same. 1 e = 1 – (Otto cycle) (21.9) (V,/V,)r-1

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Author:Raymond A. Serway, Chris Vuille
Publisher:Raymond A. Serway, Chris Vuille
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Show that the thermal efficiency of an engine operating in an idealized Otto cycle (as shown ) is given by Equation 21.9. Treat the working substance as an ideal gas.

The intake valve opens, and the air- fuel mixture enters as the piston moves The spark plug fires and ignites the mixture. The exhaust valve The piston moves up and compresses the mixture. The hot gas pushes the piston downward. opens, and the residual gas escapes. The piston moves up and pushes the remaining gas out. down. P Spark plug TA TC Air and fuel |Exhaust Adiabatic В — С processes - Piston A D DA A Qh B V Intake stroke Power stroke Spark Release Exhaust Compression stroke V2 V1 stroke e Figure 21.12 PV diagram for the Otto cycle, which approximately represents the processes occur- ring in an internal combustion engine. Figure 21.11 The processes occurring during one cycle of a conventional gasoline engine. The broken lines show the extreme positions of the top of the piston and, therefore, represent the largest and small- est volumes of the gas in the cylinder. Parts a, b, d, and f represent strokes in the cycle, justifying the name of the device as a four-stroke engine. In a stroke, the piston moves up or down between its extreme positions. The red arrows show the direction of travel of the piston, and the letters next to the piston correspond to the states on the PV diagram in Figure 21.12. Parts c and e in the figure represent events, during which the piston does not move. In part c, the spark plug fires and the pressure and temperature of the gas shoot upward. In part e, the exhaust valve opens and the pressure and temperature of the gas plummet. The events in this figure correspond to the constant-volume processes in Figure 21.12. By comparing that figure with this one, convince yourself that the volumes at 0, B, and Care all the same, as indicated by their positions on the upper broken line. Similarly, the volumes at A and Dare the same.
Transcribed Image Text:The intake valve opens, and the air- fuel mixture enters as the piston moves The spark plug fires and ignites the mixture. The exhaust valve The piston moves up and compresses the mixture. The hot gas pushes the piston downward. opens, and the residual gas escapes. The piston moves up and pushes the remaining gas out. down. P Spark plug TA TC Air and fuel |Exhaust Adiabatic В — С processes - Piston A D DA A Qh B V Intake stroke Power stroke Spark Release Exhaust Compression stroke V2 V1 stroke e Figure 21.12 PV diagram for the Otto cycle, which approximately represents the processes occur- ring in an internal combustion engine. Figure 21.11 The processes occurring during one cycle of a conventional gasoline engine. The broken lines show the extreme positions of the top of the piston and, therefore, represent the largest and small- est volumes of the gas in the cylinder. Parts a, b, d, and f represent strokes in the cycle, justifying the name of the device as a four-stroke engine. In a stroke, the piston moves up or down between its extreme positions. The red arrows show the direction of travel of the piston, and the letters next to the piston correspond to the states on the PV diagram in Figure 21.12. Parts c and e in the figure represent events, during which the piston does not move. In part c, the spark plug fires and the pressure and temperature of the gas shoot upward. In part e, the exhaust valve opens and the pressure and temperature of the gas plummet. The events in this figure correspond to the constant-volume processes in Figure 21.12. By comparing that figure with this one, convince yourself that the volumes at 0, B, and Care all the same, as indicated by their positions on the upper broken line. Similarly, the volumes at A and Dare the same.
1 e = 1 – (Otto cycle) (21.9) (V,/V,)r-1
Transcribed Image Text:1 e = 1 – (Otto cycle) (21.9) (V,/V,)r-1
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