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The gene for red-green color blindness is recessive and X-linked. What will be the expected phenotype of the children of a color-blind woman and a man who is not color-blind? O A. All of the children will have normal color vision. O B. All of the daughters will have normal color vision; all the sons will be color-blind. O C. All of the sons will have normal color vision; all the daughters will be color-blind. O D. Half of the daughters will have normal color vision, and half of the daughters will be color-blind; all the sons will be color-blind.

The gene for red-green color blindness is recessive and X-linked. What will be the expected phenotype of the children of a color-blind woman and a man who is not color-blind? O A. All of the children will have normal color vision. O B. All of the daughters will have normal color vision; all the sons will be color-blind. O C. All of the sons will have normal color vision; all the daughters will be color-blind. O D. Half of the daughters will have normal color vision, and half of the daughters will be color-blind; all the sons will be color-blind.

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs that can alleviate symptoms of depression by blocking the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) from the synaptic cleft, thereby increasing the amount of time that 5-HT remains active. Elevated levels of 5-HT within the synapse are associated with feelings of well-being; conversely, low levels of 5-HT are correlated with depressive symptoms. Recent studies have shown that SSRIs can also mediate their antidepressant effects by increasing brain levels of certain cytokines, including interferon gamma (IFNY). IFNY directly induces the expression of the protein p11 in neighboring neurons, which then interacts with 5-HTR4, a 5-HT transmembrane receptor. Figures 1 and 2 provide information about this interaction. 5-HTR4 protein (% of WT) expression CAMP levels (% change control) from 120T 100+ 80+ 60+ 40+ 20+ 0 MEM TOT Figure 1 5-HTR4 protein expression in plasma membrane-enriched fraction (MEM) of hippocampal lysate and in total hippocampal lysate (TOT) from p11 wild-type (WT) or p11 knockout (KO) mice 120T 100+ 80+ 60+ 40+ 20- 0- p11 expression (% control) Control Figure 2 Effect of 5-HT on CAMP levels in cells transfected with 5-HTR4 and/or p11 Studies have shown that analgesics, such as ibuprofen (IBU), inhibit the behavioral antidepressant responses normally observed in mice undergoing chronic SSRI administration. Figure 3 shows the effect of citalopram (CIT), an SSRI, and IBU on IFNY expression in mice. Figure 4 shows the effect of IBU on p11 expression in the presence and absence of treatment with CIT. In both figures, VEH represents the group given the control solution. 300T 250+ 200+ 150+ 100- 50- 0- IFNY (fold change) I p11 5-HTR4 5-HTR4 +p11 1.0- 0.8+ 0.6- ED 0.4+ 0.2+ # of I 0- -0.2- WT □KO VEH ** CIT Figure 3 Effect of citalopram and ibuprofen on IFNY levels in the mouse frontal cortex ** IBU IBU + CIT ☐VEH □CIT VEH IBU Figure 4 Effect of ibuprofen on p11 expression in the brain in the presence and absence of citalopram treatment Which comparison best determines whether IFNY is necessary for antidepressant-induced increases in the expression of p11? Expression levels of p11 in: OA. wild-type mice versus IFNY knockout mice, both treated with p11 OB. wild-type mice versus IFNY knockout mice, both treated with an SSRI O C. wild-type mice treated with IFNY versus wild-type mice treated with an SSRI OD. wild-type mice treated with IFNY versus wild-type mice treated with ibuprofen The gene for red-green color blindness is recessive and X-linked. What will be the expected phenotype of the children of a color-blind woman and a man who is not color-blind? O A. All of the children will have normal color vision. O B. All of the daughters will have normal color vision; all the sons will be color-blind. O C. All of the sons will have normal color vision; all the daughters will be color-blind. O D. Half of the daughters will have normal color vision, and half of the daughters will be color-blind; all the Isons will be color-blind.
Transcribed Image Text:Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs that can alleviate symptoms of depression by blocking the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT) from the synaptic cleft, thereby increasing the amount of time that 5-HT remains active. Elevated levels of 5-HT within the synapse are associated with feelings of well-being; conversely, low levels of 5-HT are correlated with depressive symptoms. Recent studies have shown that SSRIs can also mediate their antidepressant effects by increasing brain levels of certain cytokines, including interferon gamma (IFNY). IFNY directly induces the expression of the protein p11 in neighboring neurons, which then interacts with 5-HTR4, a 5-HT transmembrane receptor. Figures 1 and 2 provide information about this interaction. 5-HTR4 protein (% of WT) expression CAMP levels (% change control) from 120T 100+ 80+ 60+ 40+ 20+ 0 MEM TOT Figure 1 5-HTR4 protein expression in plasma membrane-enriched fraction (MEM) of hippocampal lysate and in total hippocampal lysate (TOT) from p11 wild-type (WT) or p11 knockout (KO) mice 120T 100+ 80+ 60+ 40+ 20- 0- p11 expression (% control) Control Figure 2 Effect of 5-HT on CAMP levels in cells transfected with 5-HTR4 and/or p11 Studies have shown that analgesics, such as ibuprofen (IBU), inhibit the behavioral antidepressant responses normally observed in mice undergoing chronic SSRI administration. Figure 3 shows the effect of citalopram (CIT), an SSRI, and IBU on IFNY expression in mice. Figure 4 shows the effect of IBU on p11 expression in the presence and absence of treatment with CIT. In both figures, VEH represents the group given the control solution. 300T 250+ 200+ 150+ 100- 50- 0- IFNY (fold change) I p11 5-HTR4 5-HTR4 +p11 1.0- 0.8+ 0.6- ED 0.4+ 0.2+ # of I 0- -0.2- WT □KO VEH ** CIT Figure 3 Effect of citalopram and ibuprofen on IFNY levels in the mouse frontal cortex ** IBU IBU + CIT ☐VEH □CIT VEH IBU Figure 4 Effect of ibuprofen on p11 expression in the brain in the presence and absence of citalopram treatment Which comparison best determines whether IFNY is necessary for antidepressant-induced increases in the expression of p11? Expression levels of p11 in: OA. wild-type mice versus IFNY knockout mice, both treated with p11 OB. wild-type mice versus IFNY knockout mice, both treated with an SSRI O C. wild-type mice treated with IFNY versus wild-type mice treated with an SSRI OD. wild-type mice treated with IFNY versus wild-type mice treated with ibuprofen The gene for red-green color blindness is recessive and X-linked. What will be the expected phenotype of the children of a color-blind woman and a man who is not color-blind? O A. All of the children will have normal color vision. O B. All of the daughters will have normal color vision; all the sons will be color-blind. O C. All of the sons will have normal color vision; all the daughters will be color-blind. O D. Half of the daughters will have normal color vision, and half of the daughters will be color-blind; all the Isons will be color-blind.
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