The following diagram shows 2 pairs of autosomal chromosomes in a karyotype of a biological woman. Based on the karyotype, a genetic counsellor determined that there is evidence that a translocation occurred between two non-homologous chromosomes. The other 21 pairs of chromosomes are NOT shown in this diagram. Assume no chromosomal aberrations occurred in the other chromosomes. As a student-researcher, the genetic counsellor asks you if you can determine whether the translocation occurred in a somatic cell, germ-line cell, or whether this can even be determined from the figure? Provide an answer and the reasoning for your answer. D

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Q: Mutation

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Genetic Evolution

Sexual reproduction produces distinct population variations. Heredity determines the traits and qualities to be passed down to the progeny. Over time, this variation within-species is also affected by the process of human evolution. The study of how genetic variation leads to evolutionary changes is known as genetic evolution. If a trait helps an organism to survive and reproduce, it is more likely to be passed down the generations. It is rare that such traits result in a completely distinct set of traits in descendants than the ancestral population; this can result in the emergence of a new species.