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The following data (in picture) were reported in a 2004 Journal of the National Cancer Institute article on recent developments in the tobacco epidemiology story in regards to lung cancer morbidity associated with "involuntary smoking" (final author, Richard Doll).

The following data (in picture) were reported in a 2004 Journal of the National Cancer Institute article on recent developments in the tobacco epidemiology story in regards to lung cancer morbidity associated with "involuntary smoking" (final author, Richard Doll).

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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The following data (in picture) were reported in a 2004 Journal of the National Cancer Institute article on recent developments in the tobacco epidemiology story in regards to lung cancer morbidity associated with "involuntary smoking" (final author, Richard Doll). a. Based on Tobacco epidemiology, explain the findings in the table below b. Identify 2 of Sir Austin Bradford Hill's "Criteria for Causation" that are illustrated in these data. Explain.
Table 3. Relative risk (RR) of lung cancer among women who did not smoke but who have the highest exposure to involuntary smoking from a spouse who smoked compared with women who did not smoke and who had spouses that did not smoke® Reference Exposure No. of cigarettes per day smoked by the spouse 220 Garfinkel (1981) (57) Kabat et al. (1995) (58) Humble et al. (1987) (59) Koo et al. (1987) (60) Boffetta et al. (1998) (61) Wang et al. (1996) (62) Zhong et al. (1999) (63) Jec et al. (1999) (64) Du et al. (1993) (65) Kalandidi et al. (1990) (66) Hirayaane (1984) (67) Cardenas et al. (1997) (68) Trichopoulos et al. (1983) (69) Akiba et al. (1986) (70) Garfinkel et al. (1985) (71) Lan et al. (1987) (17) Geng et al. (1988) (72) Liu et al. (1993) (73) Pershagen et al. (1987) (74) Enour and Hirayama (1988) (75) Buffler et al. (1984) (76) Sun et al. (1996) (77) Boffetta et al. (1998) (61) Cardenas et al. (1997) (68) Wang et al. (1996) (62) Zhong et al. (1999) (63) Du et al. (1993) (65) Fontham et al. (1994) (78) Akiba et al. (1986) (70) Zaridze et al. (1998) (79) Gao et al. (1987) (80) Kalandidi et al. (1990) (66) Wu et al. (1985) (81) ≥168 -20 No. of years of marriage to a smoker 233 Humble et al. (1987) (59) Choi et al. (1989) (82) Stockwell et al. (1992) (83) >10 221 2:21 >18 220 >20 Jee et al. (1999) (64) Geng et al. (1988) (72) 2:20 >20 241 220 2:40 231 230 2:20 221 ≥20 2:20 235 243 2:30 241 236 230 2:31 2:40 >15 240 2:40 231 241 2:40 ≥30 2:40 RR (95% CI) Results are from an analysis using non-tumor controls. $For 30 years of marriage. Years of exposure for adults (partner and workplace). 1.1 (0.8 to 1.6) 1.1 (0.5 to 2.3) 1.2 (0.3 to 5.2) 1.2 (0.5 to 3.0) 1.3 (0.8 to 2.2) 1.4 (0.8 to 2.6) 1.4 (0.7 to 2.6) 1.5 (0.7 to 3.3) 1.6 (0.8 to 3.2) 1.6 (0.5 to 4.6) 1.7 (1.1 to 2.7) 1.9 (1.0 to 3.6) 1.9 (0.7 to 5.0) 2.1 (1.7 to 2.6) 2.1 (1.1 to 4.0) 2.1 (1.1 to 4.0) 2.8 (1.9 to 4.1) 2.9 (1.2 to 7.3) 3.2 (1.0 to 9.5) 3.4 (1.2 to 9.7) 0.9 (0.4 to 2.3) 0.9 (0.5 to 1.7) 1.0 (0.7 to 1.7) 1.1 (0.6 to 2.1) 1.1 (0.4 to 3.1) 1.1 (0.7 to 1.8) 1.2 (0.6 to 2.3) 1.2 (0.9 to 1.7) 1.3 (0.6 to 2.8) 1.4 (1.0 to 2.1) 1.7 (1.0 to 2.9) 1.9 (0.8 to 4.3) 2.0 Not available 2.1 (0.7 to 6.9) 2.3 (1.0 to 5.6) 2.4 (1.1 to 5.3) 3.1 (1.4 to 6.6) 3.3 (2.1 to 5.2) *The relative risks are ranked from lowest to highest within each measure of exposure. Rate ratios for cohort studies and odds ratios for case-control studies.
Transcribed Image Text:Table 3. Relative risk (RR) of lung cancer among women who did not smoke but who have the highest exposure to involuntary smoking from a spouse who smoked compared with women who did not smoke and who had spouses that did not smoke® Reference Exposure No. of cigarettes per day smoked by the spouse 220 Garfinkel (1981) (57) Kabat et al. (1995) (58) Humble et al. (1987) (59) Koo et al. (1987) (60) Boffetta et al. (1998) (61) Wang et al. (1996) (62) Zhong et al. (1999) (63) Jec et al. (1999) (64) Du et al. (1993) (65) Kalandidi et al. (1990) (66) Hirayaane (1984) (67) Cardenas et al. (1997) (68) Trichopoulos et al. (1983) (69) Akiba et al. (1986) (70) Garfinkel et al. (1985) (71) Lan et al. (1987) (17) Geng et al. (1988) (72) Liu et al. (1993) (73) Pershagen et al. (1987) (74) Enour and Hirayama (1988) (75) Buffler et al. (1984) (76) Sun et al. (1996) (77) Boffetta et al. (1998) (61) Cardenas et al. (1997) (68) Wang et al. (1996) (62) Zhong et al. (1999) (63) Du et al. (1993) (65) Fontham et al. (1994) (78) Akiba et al. (1986) (70) Zaridze et al. (1998) (79) Gao et al. (1987) (80) Kalandidi et al. (1990) (66) Wu et al. (1985) (81) ≥168 -20 No. of years of marriage to a smoker 233 Humble et al. (1987) (59) Choi et al. (1989) (82) Stockwell et al. (1992) (83) >10 221 2:21 >18 220 >20 Jee et al. (1999) (64) Geng et al. (1988) (72) 2:20 >20 241 220 2:40 231 230 2:20 221 ≥20 2:20 235 243 2:30 241 236 230 2:31 2:40 >15 240 2:40 231 241 2:40 ≥30 2:40 RR (95% CI) Results are from an analysis using non-tumor controls. $For 30 years of marriage. Years of exposure for adults (partner and workplace). 1.1 (0.8 to 1.6) 1.1 (0.5 to 2.3) 1.2 (0.3 to 5.2) 1.2 (0.5 to 3.0) 1.3 (0.8 to 2.2) 1.4 (0.8 to 2.6) 1.4 (0.7 to 2.6) 1.5 (0.7 to 3.3) 1.6 (0.8 to 3.2) 1.6 (0.5 to 4.6) 1.7 (1.1 to 2.7) 1.9 (1.0 to 3.6) 1.9 (0.7 to 5.0) 2.1 (1.7 to 2.6) 2.1 (1.1 to 4.0) 2.1 (1.1 to 4.0) 2.8 (1.9 to 4.1) 2.9 (1.2 to 7.3) 3.2 (1.0 to 9.5) 3.4 (1.2 to 9.7) 0.9 (0.4 to 2.3) 0.9 (0.5 to 1.7) 1.0 (0.7 to 1.7) 1.1 (0.6 to 2.1) 1.1 (0.4 to 3.1) 1.1 (0.7 to 1.8) 1.2 (0.6 to 2.3) 1.2 (0.9 to 1.7) 1.3 (0.6 to 2.8) 1.4 (1.0 to 2.1) 1.7 (1.0 to 2.9) 1.9 (0.8 to 4.3) 2.0 Not available 2.1 (0.7 to 6.9) 2.3 (1.0 to 5.6) 2.4 (1.1 to 5.3) 3.1 (1.4 to 6.6) 3.3 (2.1 to 5.2) *The relative risks are ranked from lowest to highest within each measure of exposure. Rate ratios for cohort studies and odds ratios for case-control studies.
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