The first law of thermodynamics, ΔU = Q - W, when written as Q = W + ΔU, says that the heat into a system can be used to do work and/or increase the internal energy. Therefore, which process requires the most heat? Isobaric, isochoric, or adiabatic?
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Isobaric, isochoric, or adiabatic?
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- A gas contained in a cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston expands against a constantexternal pressure of 1 atm from a volume of 5L to a volume of 10L. In doing so, it absorbs 400 J ofthermal energy from its surroundings. Determine the change in the internal energy of the system.The first law of thermodynamics is ∆U = Q + W. For each of the following cases, state whether the internal energy of an ideal gas increases, decreases, or remains constant: (a) No energy is transferred to the gas as it expands to twice its original volume. (b) The gas volume is held constant while energy Q is removed. (c) The gas volume is held constant and no energy is transferred to or from the gas. (d) The gas temperature increases.A gas at 0.75 atm with a volume of 21.7 L undergoes a quasi-static isobaric expansion. If during this process the gas does 457 J of work and its internal energy increases by 73 J, how much heat does the gas absorb?
- If the gravitational potential energy of the water is equal to the increase in the internal energy of the water, compute the change in its temperature (in Kelvin), if water drops from a height of 50 m. Assume no work is done on/by the water (C = 4184 J/kg K) Sol. Using the first law of thermodynamics: Delta U= Q - ______ Since W = _____ Then Delta U =Q But, by virtue of the problem, the internal energy is equal to Delta U= ___________ g _________ While Q = _______ delta T Then ______h= ________ delta T Delta T=___________ / ____________= _______________K (2 decimal place)An ideal gas with γ = 1.40 occupies 8.26 L at 335 K and 79.2 kPa pressure. It's compressed adiabatically to one-third of its original volume, then cooled at constant volume back to 335 K. Finally, it's allowed to expand isothermally to its original volume. How much work is done on the gas?Many thermodynamic processes occur naturally in one specific direction but not in the opposite direction. For instance, cooling a closed environment on a very hot day requires electrical energy to be carried out, as in the case of an air conditioner. Why is that? Another example: it's easy to fully convert mechanical energy into heat, which happens every time we use the brakes to stop a car. However, in the opposite direction, there are many devices that only partially convert heat into mechanical energy, like the engine of a car. But even the most talented inventor has yet to build a machine capable of fully converting an amount of heat into mechanical energy. Once again, why? The answer to these two questions is related to the directions of thermodynamic processes and is provided by the second law of thermodynamics. With regard to various concepts related to the Second Law of Thermodynamics, analyze the following statements: Thermal machines are devices used to convert mechanical…
- A hollow drinking straw is placed in a glass of warm water. Suppose that some of the water started to climb to the top of the straw and cooled down so that the increase in potential energy was balanced by a loss of heat. Which law of thermodynamics forbids this from happening? (A) The 0th law (B) The 1st law (C) The 2nd law (D) The 3rd lawIn an isochoric process, the internal (thermal) energy of an ideal gas decreases by 50 J. How much heat is exchanged with the gas during this process?A 54-kg mountain climber, starting from rest, climbs a vertical distance of 779 m. At the top, she is again at rest. In the process, her body generates 4.4 × 106 J of energy via metabolic processes. In fact, her body acts like a heat engine, the efficiency of which is given by Equation 15.11 as e = |W|/|QH|, where |W| is the magnitude of the work she does and |QH| is the magnitude of the input heat. Find her efficiency as a heat engine.
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