The damaging effects of drinking too muchalcohol have been observed for centuries. Onlylately have statistical studies shown thatdrinking alcohol in moderate amounts isassociated with positive health benefits.¹ Thesestudies do not always explain why thesebenefits occur.Study 1: In this study focusing on the effects ofdrinking wine, a representative sample of adultswas divided into three groups: non-winedrinkers, moderate wine drinkers, and heavywine drinkers. Participants were tracked fordecades recording wine consumption and heartdisease. The moderate wine drinkers had thelowest risk of heart disease.Study 2: In 2001, Danish researchers observedthat moderate wine drinkers are bettereducated, on average.²Part A: Did Study 1 prove that moderate winedrinking causes a lower risk of heart disease?O NoOYes Part B: Explain how Study 2 sheds light on thestudy that says that moderate wine drinkershave a lower risk of heart disease. Does it makeus more or less certain about the effects ofmoderate wine drinking?This observation makes us more certainthat drinking a moderate amount of winelowers the risk of heart disease.This observation makes us less certainthat drinking a moderate amount of winelowers the risk of heart disease.Part C: Respond to each of the bullet points inthe essay box below.• Offer an alternate explanation for thelowered risk among moderate winedrinkers in Study 1.. Besides education, think of otherconfounding variables that might cause alower risk of heart disease amongmoderate wine drinkers, as observed inStudy 2.Edit ▾ InsertB IUAEE E▼Formats%At +3

Moderate wine drinking has been associated with several potential health benefits. However, it is…

Answered: The damaging effects of drinking too…

Advanced Engineering Mathematics

10th Edition

ISBN:9780470458365

Author:Erwin Kreyszig

Publisher:Erwin Kreyszig

Chapter2: Second-order Linear Odes

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ

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Question 1: Use the following study (link here) to answer the following questions below: What are the independent and dependent variables of the study? b) Is this study experimental or observational? How can you tell? c) Is this study quantitative or qualitative? How can you tell? d) One of the primary end points/outcomes the study listed was the number of days that it took to reach a 50% reduction in symptoms as reported on a 12-Symptom scale. In Table 2, you can see that the statistical test they used to evaluate differences between groups for this end point produced a p-value of 0.97. Please provide an interpretation of this p-value, explaining what it means in terms of whether significant differences exist between the groups in the number of days it took to achieve a 50% reduction in symptoms on the 12-Symptom scale.
QUESTION 3 What is the main limitation of this study? In 2009, investigators were interested in evaluating the relationship between physical activity and being overweight. Using BRFSS data, they found 100 participants in South Carolina. 69 of these participants were overweight, and the remaining 31 were not. The investigators found that 46 participants who were overweight reported low levels of physical activity. The investigators also determined that 22 participants who were not overweight reported high levels of physical activity. This type of study is expensive to carry out, and non-compliance of study participants must be dealt with in the analysis. The exposure and outcome were measured on study participants at the same time; therefore, temporality cannot be established. O The unit of observation is the group, so results cannot be assumed to apply to individuals. O The study only includes cases. There is no comparison group.
QUESTION 2 Researchers conducted two surveys about teens are their use of social media. The first survey asked a random sample of 800 U.S. teens about their use of Instagram. A second survey asked the same questions to a random sample of 2253 Canadian teens. In these two studies, 73% of U.S. teens and 88% of Canadian teens said that they use Instagram. Use these results to answer the following questions about the proportion of U.S. and Canadian teens that use Instagram. (Round to the nearest whole hundredth as needed). What is the difference between the proportion of U.S. teens and the proportion of Canadian teens? The standard error for these two samples is and the upper limit is Using a 99% confidence level, the lower limit is
A more recent study involved 124 older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), which is an early sign of dementia. Four years after their diagnoses, they were brought in for medical and cognitive exams. Some of the patients' conditions had progressed to Alzheimer's disease. After blood tests, it was learned that those with Alzheimer's had 51% less caffeine in their blood. Part A: What type of study is this? Experimental Observational Part B: What is the explanatory variable in this study? Alzheimer's disease Caffeine level Part C: What is the response variable? Alzheimer's disease O Caffeine level
For a variety of reasons, self-reported disease outcomes are frequently used without verification in epidemiologic research. In a study by Parikh-Patel et al. (A-12), researchers looked at the relationship between self-reported cancer cases and actual cases. They used the self-reported cancer data from a California Teachers Study and validated the cancer cases by using the California Cancer Registry data. The following table reports their findings for breast cancer: Cancer Reported (A) Yes No Total Cancer in Registry (B) 2991 112 3103 Cancer Not in Registry 2244 115849 118093 Total 5235 115961 121196 10. 11. Source: Arti Parikh-Patel, Mark Allen, William E. Wright, and the California Teachers Study Steering Committee, “Validation of Self-reported Cancers in the California Teachers Study,” American Journal of Epidemiology, 157 (2003), 539–545. (d) FindðAjBÞ (e) Find PðB j AÞ (f) Find the sensitivity of using self-reported breast cancer as a predictor of actual…
Below are several research scenarios. Indicate which set of statistical analyses (e.g., ANOVA, independent samples t test, correlated samples t test, correlation, chi-square, regression) should be used to analyze the data collected in study, and explain why that statistical test should be used. (a) Teachers at a local middle school were interested in exploring the effects of a collaborative peer tutor teaching program on the motivation levels seventh-grade students. Four of eight classes of seventh grade students were randomly selected at Bulloch Middle School to serve as subjects in this study. Students within each class were then randomly assigned to one of three groups: a collaborative peer tutor teaching program, group learning activities, or individual learning activities. Each class was taught by a different teacher. The Middleman motivation scale was used to measure motivation in the subjects, and this scale produces scores that range from 1 to 25 with higher scores indicating…
Prospective studies on nutrition often require subjects to keep detailed daily dietary logs. In contrast, retrospective studies often rely on recall. Which method (dietary logs or retrospective recall) do you believe is more likely to achieve accurate results? Explain your response.
Recall that small effects may be statistically significant if the samples are large. A study of small-business failures looked at 153 food-and-drink businesses. Of these, 107 were headed by men and 46 were headed by women. During a three-year period, 17 of the men's businesses and 7 of the women's businesses failed. (a) Find the proportions of failures for businesses headed by men (sample 1) and businesses headed by women (sample 2). These sample proportions are quite close to each other. p̂men = p̂women = Give the P-value for the z test of the hypothesis that the same proportion of women's and men's businesses fail. (Use the two-sided alternative.) The test is very far from being significant. (Round your test statistic to two decimal places and your P-value to four decimal places.) z = P-value = (b) Now suppose that the same sample proportions came from a sample of 30 times as large. That is, 210 out of 1380 business headed by women and 510 out of 3210 businesses…
QUESTION 7 A political analyst interviews three groups of voters, democrats, republicans, and independents. Each subject then rates, using a 20-item scale, how well they agree with the policies of the current administration. Is there a difference in the ratings? What statistical procedure would you use? One-way between-subjects ANOVA One-way within-subjects ANOVA Two-way between-subjects ANOVA Independent samples chi-square QUESTION 8 You want to examine the relationship between people's appreciation for music and their appreciation of fine art. One sample t-test Pearson's r Two-way between-subjects ANOVA O Chi-square test of independence
Research Question 1: Is there a relationship between scores on the Combat Exposure Scale (CES) (Keane et al., 1989) and the Davidson Trauma Scale (DTS) (Davidson, 1997) in a sample of 200 combat veterans? Suppose you run the study, and the results come out with a p value of .02. What can you conclude about the relationship between the scores on these two measures?
QUESTION 18 A researcher notes that there seems to be a difference in the prevalence of high blood pressure among college-educated individuals who consume low amounts of processed foods and the prevalence of individuals who only have a high school education and consume high amounts of processed foods. Use the appropriate hypothesis to test for the independence of the two independent variables presented here at the 5% significance level to ensure confounding has not influenced the study’s results. Then, interpret your response. Diet Low in Processed Foods Normal BP High BP Total College Education 124 55 179 High School Education 69 152 221 Total 193 207 400 Diet High in Processed Foods Normal BP High BP Total College Education 64 85 149 High School Education 98 153 251 Total 162 238 400 The chi square value of 37.724 is higher than the chi square value of 3.84; therefore, we do not reject H0 at the 5% level and reject H1, which states that level…
A pharmaceutical company is testing a new drug for a rare disease. In a clinical trial, 1000 patients with the disease were randomly assigned to receive either the new drug or a placebo. After one year, it was found that 60% of the patients who received the new drug experienced improvement, compared to only 40% of those who received the placebo. Is the difference in improvement rates statistically significant? Provide your rationale.

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