The biologists were curious about the results and wanted to know more about the sensitivity of the ELISA test they were using. Using a quantitative ELISA, the biologists could determine the amount of antibodies present in each of the samples from the lemurs. They first set up a series of standards to use as a comparison. Each well contained an decreasing amount of antibody from 1000 ng/ml (well 1) to 0 ng/ml (well 12). As each well contains a known concentration of antibodies, the two positive lemur samples (A and B) could be compared to the standards and the unknown concentration in each sample could be determined. - - - مطالعات اهالمال اتات ELISA samples Positive control Negative control Sample A Sample B Top: 12-well strip containing positive control (+), negative control (-), lemur sample 1 (A), and lemur sample 2 (B). Bottom: 12-well strip containing serial dilution of standards from 1000 ng/ml antibody (well 1) to 0 ng/ml antibody (well 12). 9 40 11. 12. Immediately the biologists could visually compare the lemur samples to the standards and could roughly estimate the concentration of antibody in each sample. Wanting to be more precise, they used a microplate reader, an instrument designed to determine the concentration of a chemical in a sample, to determine the exact concentration of T. gondii antibodies in each sample. Concentration of antibodies, ng/ml 1,000 0 16 125
Molecular Techniques
Molecular techniques are methods employed in molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics to manipulate and analyze nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)), protein, and lipids. Techniques in molecular biology are employed to investigate the molecular basis for biological activity. These techniques are used to analyze cellular properties, structures, and chemical reactions, with a focus on how certain molecules regulate cellular reactions and growth.
DNA Fingerprinting and Gel Electrophoresis
The genetic makeup of living organisms is shown by a technique known as DNA fingerprinting. The difference is the satellite region of DNA is shown by this process. Alex Jeffreys has invented the process of DNA fingerprinting in 1985. Any biological samples such as blood, hair, saliva, semen can be used for DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting is also known as DNA profiling or molecular fingerprinting.
Molecular Markers
A known DNA sequence or gene sequence is present on a chromosome, and it is associated with a specific trait or character. It is mainly used as a genetic marker of the molecular marker. The first genetic map was done in a fruit fly, using genes as the first marker. In two categories, molecular markers are classified, classical marker and a DNA marker. A molecular marker is also known as a genetic marker.
DNA Sequencing
The most important feature of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are nucleotide sequences and the identification of genes and their activities. This the reason why scientists have been working to determine the sequences of pieces of DNA covered under the genomic field. The primary objective of the Human Genome Project was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome. DNA sequencing selectively eliminates the introns leading to only exome sequencing that allows proteins coding.
What do these data tell you about the condition of the two lemurs that tested positive for antibodies to T. gondii?
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