The atomic bomb brought World War II to a dramatic end. At the same time, the bomb launched the Cold War that followed. The political, scientific, and military- industrial establishments of the United States and the Soviet Union raced to develop larger atomic weapons and then, from 1952, even more powerful hydrogen or thermonuclear bombs that derived their energy not from the fission of heavy elements but from the fusion of hydrogen into helium. World War II also saw a number of other government-funded, applied-science projects, such as radar, penicillin production, jet engines, and the earliest electronic computers. World War II established a new paradigm for science and government relations that endured to the end of the Cold War and continues in another guise today, that of comparatively large-scale government investment in pure and applied science in the hope of large-scale payoffs in industry, agriculture, medicine, and military technologies. The success of the Manhattan Project - in so closely linking novelties in theory to an immediately useful application - likewise forged a new image of connections between science and technology. These endeavors, which in so many ways - historically, institutionally, sociologically - had for so long been largely separate enterprises, became fused to a significant measure in reality and much more so in the public mind. Since World War II it is common to think of technology as applied science. This new way of practice of science and technology is called: O Second Industrial Revolution O Modern Baconian Sciences O The Big Science O Second Scientific Revolution

The atomic bomb brought World War II to a dramatic end. At the same time, the bomb launched the Cold War that followed. The political, scientific, and military- industrial establishments of the United States and the Soviet Union raced to develop larger atomic weapons and then, from 1952, even more powerful hydrogen or thermonuclear bombs that derived their energy not from the fission of heavy elements but from the fusion of hydrogen into helium. World War II also saw a number of other government-funded, applied-science projects, such as radar, penicillin production, jet engines, and the earliest electronic computers. World War II established a new paradigm for science and government relations that endured to the end of the Cold War and continues in another guise today, that of comparatively large-scale government investment in pure and applied science in the hope of large-scale payoffs in industry, agriculture, medicine, and military technologies. The success of the Manhattan Project - in so closely linking novelties in theory to an immediately useful application - likewise forged a new image of connections between science and technology. These endeavors, which in so many ways - historically, institutionally, sociologically - had for so long been largely separate enterprises, became fused to a significant measure in reality and much more so in the public mind. Since World War II it is common to think of technology as applied science. This new way of practice of science and technology is called: O Second Industrial Revolution O Modern Baconian Sciences O The Big Science O Second Scientific Revolution