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Take for instance, the slow gait speed and the first category of activities associated with indoor falls. The point estimate of the RR is 2.44. Informally this means that when a person with a slow gait speed is transitioning/not moving, they are about 2.44 times more likely to fall than when a person with middle gait speed is transitioning/not moving. The confidence interval estimate for this RR is (1.45, 4.12). Since this confidence interval contains only values greater than 1, it appears that true value of this RR is greater than 1. We would conclude that there is a "statistically significant" difference between slow and middle gait speeds during this activity. Look over the other categories of activities associated with indoor falls. Does any other category appear to be significantly different for slow speed than for a middle speed? Explain why or why not. Repeat part a, but compare fast speed to middle speed. Repeat parts a and b, but look at outdoor falls

Take for instance, the slow gait speed and the first category of activities associated with indoor falls. The point estimate of the RR is 2.44. Informally this means that when a person with a slow gait speed is transitioning/not moving, they are about 2.44 times more likely to fall than when a person with middle gait speed is transitioning/not moving. The confidence interval estimate for this RR is (1.45, 4.12). Since this confidence interval contains only values greater than 1, it appears that true value of this RR is greater than 1. We would conclude that there is a "statistically significant" difference between slow and middle gait speeds during this activity. Look over the other categories of activities associated with indoor falls. Does any other category appear to be significantly different for slow speed than for a middle speed? Explain why or why not. Repeat part a, but compare fast speed to middle speed. Repeat parts a and b, but look at outdoor falls

MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications
MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications
6th Edition
ISBN:9781119256830
Author:Amos Gilat
Publisher:Amos Gilat
Chapter1: Starting With Matlab
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1P
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Take for instance, the slow gait speed and the first category of activities associated with indoor falls. The point estimate of the RR is 2.44. Informally this means that when a person with a slow gait speed is transitioning/not moving, they are about 2.44 times more likely to fall than when a person with middle gait speed is transitioning/not moving. The confidence interval estimate for this RR is (1.45, 4.12). Since this confidence interval contains only values greater than 1, it appears that true value of this RR is greater than 1. We would conclude that there is a "statistically significant" difference between slow and middle gait speeds during this activity.

    1. Look over the other categories of activities associated with indoor falls. Does any other category appear to be significantly different for slow speed than for a middle speed? Explain why or why not.
    2. Repeat part a, but compare fast speed to middle speed.

Repeat parts a and b, but look at outdoor falls

TABLE 2-Rate Ratios for Falls During 4 Categories of Activity by Baseline Characteristics and Location of Fall: MOBILIZE Boston, September 2005-December 2009 Indoor Falls Outdoor Falls Transitioning/Not Moving, R (95% CI) Ascending or Descending Stairs, RR (95% CI) Walking, AR (95% CI) Vigorous Activity, RR (95% CI) Transitioning/Not Moving, RR (95% CI) Ascending or Descending Stairs, RR (95% C) Walking, RR (95% CI) Vigorous Activity, RR (95% CI) Baseline Characteristics Age, per 5 y 1.27 (1.09, 1.48) 0.82 (0.67, 0.99) 1.13 (0.96, 1.31) 1.37 (0.99, 1.88) 1.28 (0.94, 1.73) 0.96 (0.79, 1.17) 0.87 (0.76, 1.00) 0.54 (0.37, 0.79) Female 1.15 (0.79, 1.68) 0.69 (0.45, 1.06) 1.17 (0.83, 1.67) 1.88 (0.76, 4.63) 0.63 (0.33, 1.21) 0.93 (0.59, 1.47) 0.84 (0.62, 1.14) 0.39 (0.19, 0.82) Falls in year before baseline, no. 1.26 (1.12, 1.41) 1.10 (1.02, 1.19) 1.38 (1.24, 1.53) 1.35 (1.04, 1.77) 1.18 (0.95, 1.46) 1.07 (0.96, 1.20) 1.23 (1.10, 1.38) 1.53 (1.17, 2.00) Body mass inder, kg/m? < 25.0 25.0-29.9 (Ref) 1.04 (0.68, 1.61) 0.86 (0.54, 1.38) 1.01 (0.68, 1.51) 0.89 (0.36, 2.21) 1.48 (0.69, 3.16) 1.07 (0.64, 1.79) 1.10 (0.79, 1.52) 0.94 (0.42, 2.13) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2 30.0 1.35 (0.87, 2.08) 0.46 (0.25, 0.82) 1.33 (0.88, 1.99) 0.72 (0.26, 1.98) 1.17 (0.50, 2.72) 1.00 (0.58, 1.74) 0.46 (0.31, 0.70) 0.32 (0.12, 0.87) Berg Balance Scale score 251.0 (Rel) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 48.0-50.9 1.19 (0.77, 1.85) 1.23 (0.76, 1.99) 2.76 (1.88, 4.04) 0.49 (0.16, 1.49) 1.10 (0.50, 2.42) 1.28 (0.78, 2.11) 1.52 (1.09, 2.12) 0.58 (0.24, 1.39) < 48.0 3.18 (2.14, 4.74) 0.71 (0.40, 1.29) 3.40 (2.30, 5.03) 1.47 (0.59, 3.64) 1.19 (0.53, 2.70) 0.93 (0.51, 1.68) 0.66 (0.43, 0.99) 0.21 (0.07, 0.61) Unable to stand from a chair 2.08 (1.14, 3.78) 0.20 (0.05, 0.88) 1.97 (1.11, 3.48) 1.32 (0.31, 5.63) 0.62 (0.13, 2.93) 0.36 (0.11, 1.23) 0.45 (0.22, 0.90) 0.47 (0.10, 2.25) without using arms Gait speed, m/sec Slow (< 0.60) 2.44 (1.45, 4.12) 0.25 (0.07, 0.84) 1.95 (1.15, 3.29) 0.72 (0.14, 3.64) 2.05 (0.77, 5.42) 0.74 (0.31, 1.76) 0.39 (0.20, 0.77) 0.59 (0.15, 2.35) Middle (0.60-1.29; Ref) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Fast (21.30) 0.89 (0.46, 1.72) 0.81 (0.41, 1.63) 1.77 (0.93, 3.38) 0.52 (0.20, 1.34) 0.81 (0.44, 1.51) 0.92 (0.50, 1.70) 1.53 (0.76, 3.09) 0.74 (0.31, 1.78) 2.83 (1.84, 4.33) 1.00 (0.59, 1.69) 2.18 (0.67, 7.09) 2.25 (0.87, 5.80) 7.36 (2.54, 21.28) Vision worse than 40/100 0.34 (0.04, 2.94) 0.74 (0.20, 2.72) 0.39 (0.08, 1.80) Some difficulty with or inability 2.66 (1.83, 3.86) 1.09 (0.66, 1.80) 1.90 (1.30, 2.77) 1.52 (0.61, 3.75) 1.70 (0.83, 3.51) 0.82 (0.47, 1.44) 0.75 (0.51, 1.09) 0.28 (0.10, 0.79) to perform ADLS Comorbidities, no. 1.29 (1.15, 1.44) 1.06 (0.92, 1.21) 1.15 (1.04, 1.28) 1.21 (0.95, 1.53) 1.32 (1.09, 1.59) 1.05 (0.91, 1.21) 0.93 (0.84, 1.02) 0.82 (0.65, 1.04) >4 medications 1.76 (1.17, 2.66) 0.78 (0.50, 1.22) 1.12 (0.67, 1.87) 1.40 (0.97, 2.02) 0.58 (0.26, 1.30) 1.04 (0.51, 2.14) 0.56 (0.36, 0.87) 0.61 (0.45, 0.83) 0.41 (0.19, 0.86) Psychotropic medication Falls Efficacy Scale score < 90° 2.09 (1.40, 3.13) 1.67 (1.14, 2.46) 1.36 (0.55, 3.36) 1.31 (0.61, 2.84) 0.96 (0.56, 1.67) 1.11 (0.78, 1.60) 0.55 (0.21, 1.44) 0.12 (0.02, 0.64) 2.42 (1.55, 3.78) 0.95 (0.51, 1.77) 0.89 (0.45, 1.77) 1.85 (1.19, 2.90) 1.09 (0.35, 3.45) 2.37 (1.06, 5.31) 0.94 (0.49, 1.80) 0.70 (0.44, 1.12) Impaired cognition, MMSE 1.25 (0.73, 2.13) 1.13 (0.67, 1.90) 0.21 (0.03, 1.76) 0.91 (0.31, 2.61) 0.62 (0.28, 1.39) 0.67 (0.41, 1.12) 0.26 (0.06, 1.06) score 18-24 Fair/poor self-rated health 2.21 (1.40, 3.48) 0.62 (0.31, 1.24) 1.88 (1.21, 2.92) 1.57 (0.56, 4.44) 1.61 (0.68, 3.83) 0.88 (0.45, 1.71) 0.80 (0.51, 1.26) 0.12 (0.02, 0.62) Physical activity, PASE score < 55° 1.98 (1.35, 2.91) 0.89 (0.53, 1.49) 1.82 (1.25, 2.64) 1.47 (0.61, 3.52) 1.98 (1.00, 3.93) 0.81 (0.47, 1.40) 0.54 (0.36, 0.79) 0.32 (0.12, 0.84) Note. ADL - activities of daily living Cl = confidence interval; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examç PACE = Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; RR = rate ratio. Results are from binomial regression models with number of falls per year as the outcome. *Possible score, 0-56. "Possible score, 10-100. "Possible score,0-30; score of 18-24 indicates impaired cognition. "Possible score, 0-361; < 55 is lowest quartile.
Transcribed Image Text:TABLE 2-Rate Ratios for Falls During 4 Categories of Activity by Baseline Characteristics and Location of Fall: MOBILIZE Boston, September 2005-December 2009 Indoor Falls Outdoor Falls Transitioning/Not Moving, R (95% CI) Ascending or Descending Stairs, RR (95% CI) Walking, AR (95% CI) Vigorous Activity, RR (95% CI) Transitioning/Not Moving, RR (95% CI) Ascending or Descending Stairs, RR (95% C) Walking, RR (95% CI) Vigorous Activity, RR (95% CI) Baseline Characteristics Age, per 5 y 1.27 (1.09, 1.48) 0.82 (0.67, 0.99) 1.13 (0.96, 1.31) 1.37 (0.99, 1.88) 1.28 (0.94, 1.73) 0.96 (0.79, 1.17) 0.87 (0.76, 1.00) 0.54 (0.37, 0.79) Female 1.15 (0.79, 1.68) 0.69 (0.45, 1.06) 1.17 (0.83, 1.67) 1.88 (0.76, 4.63) 0.63 (0.33, 1.21) 0.93 (0.59, 1.47) 0.84 (0.62, 1.14) 0.39 (0.19, 0.82) Falls in year before baseline, no. 1.26 (1.12, 1.41) 1.10 (1.02, 1.19) 1.38 (1.24, 1.53) 1.35 (1.04, 1.77) 1.18 (0.95, 1.46) 1.07 (0.96, 1.20) 1.23 (1.10, 1.38) 1.53 (1.17, 2.00) Body mass inder, kg/m? < 25.0 25.0-29.9 (Ref) 1.04 (0.68, 1.61) 0.86 (0.54, 1.38) 1.01 (0.68, 1.51) 0.89 (0.36, 2.21) 1.48 (0.69, 3.16) 1.07 (0.64, 1.79) 1.10 (0.79, 1.52) 0.94 (0.42, 2.13) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2 30.0 1.35 (0.87, 2.08) 0.46 (0.25, 0.82) 1.33 (0.88, 1.99) 0.72 (0.26, 1.98) 1.17 (0.50, 2.72) 1.00 (0.58, 1.74) 0.46 (0.31, 0.70) 0.32 (0.12, 0.87) Berg Balance Scale score 251.0 (Rel) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 48.0-50.9 1.19 (0.77, 1.85) 1.23 (0.76, 1.99) 2.76 (1.88, 4.04) 0.49 (0.16, 1.49) 1.10 (0.50, 2.42) 1.28 (0.78, 2.11) 1.52 (1.09, 2.12) 0.58 (0.24, 1.39) < 48.0 3.18 (2.14, 4.74) 0.71 (0.40, 1.29) 3.40 (2.30, 5.03) 1.47 (0.59, 3.64) 1.19 (0.53, 2.70) 0.93 (0.51, 1.68) 0.66 (0.43, 0.99) 0.21 (0.07, 0.61) Unable to stand from a chair 2.08 (1.14, 3.78) 0.20 (0.05, 0.88) 1.97 (1.11, 3.48) 1.32 (0.31, 5.63) 0.62 (0.13, 2.93) 0.36 (0.11, 1.23) 0.45 (0.22, 0.90) 0.47 (0.10, 2.25) without using arms Gait speed, m/sec Slow (< 0.60) 2.44 (1.45, 4.12) 0.25 (0.07, 0.84) 1.95 (1.15, 3.29) 0.72 (0.14, 3.64) 2.05 (0.77, 5.42) 0.74 (0.31, 1.76) 0.39 (0.20, 0.77) 0.59 (0.15, 2.35) Middle (0.60-1.29; Ref) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Fast (21.30) 0.89 (0.46, 1.72) 0.81 (0.41, 1.63) 1.77 (0.93, 3.38) 0.52 (0.20, 1.34) 0.81 (0.44, 1.51) 0.92 (0.50, 1.70) 1.53 (0.76, 3.09) 0.74 (0.31, 1.78) 2.83 (1.84, 4.33) 1.00 (0.59, 1.69) 2.18 (0.67, 7.09) 2.25 (0.87, 5.80) 7.36 (2.54, 21.28) Vision worse than 40/100 0.34 (0.04, 2.94) 0.74 (0.20, 2.72) 0.39 (0.08, 1.80) Some difficulty with or inability 2.66 (1.83, 3.86) 1.09 (0.66, 1.80) 1.90 (1.30, 2.77) 1.52 (0.61, 3.75) 1.70 (0.83, 3.51) 0.82 (0.47, 1.44) 0.75 (0.51, 1.09) 0.28 (0.10, 0.79) to perform ADLS Comorbidities, no. 1.29 (1.15, 1.44) 1.06 (0.92, 1.21) 1.15 (1.04, 1.28) 1.21 (0.95, 1.53) 1.32 (1.09, 1.59) 1.05 (0.91, 1.21) 0.93 (0.84, 1.02) 0.82 (0.65, 1.04) >4 medications 1.76 (1.17, 2.66) 0.78 (0.50, 1.22) 1.12 (0.67, 1.87) 1.40 (0.97, 2.02) 0.58 (0.26, 1.30) 1.04 (0.51, 2.14) 0.56 (0.36, 0.87) 0.61 (0.45, 0.83) 0.41 (0.19, 0.86) Psychotropic medication Falls Efficacy Scale score < 90° 2.09 (1.40, 3.13) 1.67 (1.14, 2.46) 1.36 (0.55, 3.36) 1.31 (0.61, 2.84) 0.96 (0.56, 1.67) 1.11 (0.78, 1.60) 0.55 (0.21, 1.44) 0.12 (0.02, 0.64) 2.42 (1.55, 3.78) 0.95 (0.51, 1.77) 0.89 (0.45, 1.77) 1.85 (1.19, 2.90) 1.09 (0.35, 3.45) 2.37 (1.06, 5.31) 0.94 (0.49, 1.80) 0.70 (0.44, 1.12) Impaired cognition, MMSE 1.25 (0.73, 2.13) 1.13 (0.67, 1.90) 0.21 (0.03, 1.76) 0.91 (0.31, 2.61) 0.62 (0.28, 1.39) 0.67 (0.41, 1.12) 0.26 (0.06, 1.06) score 18-24 Fair/poor self-rated health 2.21 (1.40, 3.48) 0.62 (0.31, 1.24) 1.88 (1.21, 2.92) 1.57 (0.56, 4.44) 1.61 (0.68, 3.83) 0.88 (0.45, 1.71) 0.80 (0.51, 1.26) 0.12 (0.02, 0.62) Physical activity, PASE score < 55° 1.98 (1.35, 2.91) 0.89 (0.53, 1.49) 1.82 (1.25, 2.64) 1.47 (0.61, 3.52) 1.98 (1.00, 3.93) 0.81 (0.47, 1.40) 0.54 (0.36, 0.79) 0.32 (0.12, 0.84) Note. ADL - activities of daily living Cl = confidence interval; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examç PACE = Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly; RR = rate ratio. Results are from binomial regression models with number of falls per year as the outcome. *Possible score, 0-56. "Possible score, 10-100. "Possible score,0-30; score of 18-24 indicates impaired cognition. "Possible score, 0-361; < 55 is lowest quartile.
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