Table 4 is showing the address location of the instructions stored in the memory. Please refer to Table 4 in order to answer Question 4 (i) to (v). Table 4 No Address Instruction 1 x3000 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 x3001 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 3 x3002 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 x3003 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 5 x3004 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 6 x3005 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 7 x3006 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 x3007 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 9 x3008 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 x3009 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 Answer all the following questions by referring to the ISA table provided in Appendix A i)List down the trap vectors that are found in the program code and state its routines. List down all registers that are found in the program code. List down the addresses that consist of control instruction that are found in the program code. Then, comment each of the control instructions which the addresses are listed. List down one address of instruction which involves negative numbers that would need 2’s complement process and give comment on the instruction
Instructions and Operation
Nowadays, electrical engineers are required to evolve their practices by incorporating embedded processes, microcontrollers, digital signal processors, and so on. These processors are beneficial in many ways and have changed the perspective of electronic design.
Subroutine Instruction
Subroutine instruction is defined as the instructions used in the programming language in a sequence form saved in memory. They are used to doing a specific task. Subroutine instruction is called a unit that instructs to perform some needed task. There are many programming languages in which subroutine instructions are used but have a different identity or name, such as method, function, subprogram, routine, etc. Subroutine or sub-program is designed or coded as they can be called multiple times while executing the program.
Classification of Buses
A bus inside a microprocessor is a collection of wirelines that contain related information. A group of wires required for communication among the microprocessor and peripherals is known as a system bus. A bus is an electrical or digital passage across which bits are transferred between a variety of computer elements. It mainly links all the internal parts to the CPU (Central Processing Unit) and main memory. The width or size of any bus is crucial since it affects the amount of data that is transferred at a certain time period. Buses always transmit data parallelly, in a 32-bit bus, the information is supplied over 32 wirelines simultaneously and each bus comprises a clock speed measurable in MHz. The various types of buses inside a microprocessor are address bus, data bus, and control bus.
Execution of Instruction
A sequence of instructions makes up a program stored in a computer's memory unit. The CPU executes these instructions by going through a cycle for each instruction. The instruction cycle in a simple computer includes the steps listed below:
- Table 4 is showing the address location of the instructions stored in the memory. Please refer to Table 4 in order to answer Question 4 (i) to (v).
Table 4
|
No |
Address |
Instruction |
|
1 |
x3000 |
1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 |
|
2 |
x3001 |
0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 |
|
3 |
x3002 |
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 |
|
4 |
x3003 |
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 |
|
5 |
x3004 |
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 |
|
6 |
x3005 |
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 |
|
7 |
x3006 |
0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 |
|
8 |
x3007 |
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 |
|
9 |
x3008 |
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 |
|
10 |
x3009 |
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 |
Answer all the following questions by referring to the ISA table provided in Appendix A
i)List down the trap
- List down all registers that are found in the program code.
- List down the addresses that consist of control instruction that are found in the program code. Then, comment each of the control instructions which the addresses are listed.
- List down one address of instruction which involves negative numbers that would need 2’s complement process and give comment on the instruction.
- From the given 10 lines of program code, select and modify two lines of program code in order to replace R2, a register that is used for counter, to R5. Write down the answer using Table 5.
Table 5
|
No |
Address |
Program Code |
New Program Code |
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
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