+ Table 1: Vigilance simulations abundance and Spacing Sim 1: 4 Junco, spacing 5 Sim 1:4 Junco, spacing 5 Sim 1: 4 Junco, spacing 5 Sim 1:4 Junco, spacing 5 Sim 2:8 Junco, spacing 5 Sim 2:8 Junco, spacing 5 Sim 2:8 Junco, spacing 5 Sim 2:8 Junco, spacing 5 Sim 3: 16 Junco, spacing 5 Sim 3: 16 Junco, spacing 5 Sim 3: 16 Junco, spacing 5 Sim 3: 16 Junco, spacing 5 Sim 4: 4 Junco, spacing 15 Sim 4: 4 Junco, spacing 15 Sim 4: 4 Junco, spacing 15 Sim 4: 4 Junco, spacing 15 Sim 5: 8 Junco, spacing 15 Sim 5: 8 Junco, spacing 15 Sim 5: 8 Junco, spacing 15 Sim 5: 8 Junco, spacing 15 Sim 6: 16 Junco, spacing 15 Sim 6: 16 Junco, spacing 15 Sim 6: 16 Junco, spacing 15 Sim 6: 16 Junco, spacing 15 Sim 7: 20 JUNCOS;SPACING 5 Sim 7: Sim 7: Sim 7: 36 OF 1313 WORDS n Results Energy Prop. vigilance Mean vigilance Death Y/N Energy Prop. vigilance Mean vigilance Death Y/N Energy Prop. vigilance Mean vigilance Death Y/N Energy Prop. vigilance Mean vigilance Death Y/N Energy Prop. vigilance Mean vigilance Death Y/N Energy Prop. vigilance Mean vigilance Death Y/N Energy Prop. vigilance Mean vigilance Death Y/N Run 1 1.25 0 1.6 N 1.62 .63 3 N .87 .44 6 N 2 .5 1.5 N 2.38 .13 3 N 1.94 .25 5.7 Y 1.6 .15 7.4 N Run 2 2.5 .25 1.5 N 1.12 .38 3 N 1.06 .06 5.5 N 1.5 .5 1.6 N 1.5 .25 3 Y 1.5 .25 6.2 N 1.2 .4 7.3 N Run 3 2 .5 1.5 N 1.87 .38 3.2 N 1.87 .44 6 N 1.5 1 1.5 N 1 .38 2.9 N 2.25 .25 5.8 Y 1.65 .35 6.7 N Run 4 1.25 .5 1.6 N 1.37 .25 2.6 N 1.62 .19 6 N 2.25 .25 1.6 N 2.5 .38 3 N 1.75 .44 5.9 N 1.35 .5 7.5 Y Run 5 1.5 .25 1.5 N 1.5 .25 3.1 N 1.81 .19 5.8 N 2.25 .25 1.5 Y 1.75 .25 2.9 N 1.62 .19 6 Y 1.65 .2 7.4 Y

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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. Simulations 4-6 had lower density of birds (more spacing), how did this influence their ability to escape predation? With more spacing, which number of Junco’s was most advantageous (4, 8, and 16)? Ecologically explain this result.

If this flock of birds occurred in an area with low food availability what flock density would you predict? Explain how food availability impacts flock size/competition.

Was there a relationship between prop. Vigilance (proportion of birds looking up right before Hawk attack) and the rate at which they escaped predation?

Was there a relationship between Mean vigilance (average number of birds looking up each tick) and the rate at which the Junco’s the escaped predation? Was there a relationship between Mean vigilance and the number of birds in the flock?

+Table 1: Vigilance simulations
abundance and Spacing
Sim 1: 4 Junco, spacing 5
Sim 1: 4 Junco, spacing 5
Sim 1: 4 Junco, spacing 5
Sim 1: 4 Junco, spacing 5
Sim 2: 8 Junco, spacing 5
Sim 2: 8 Junco, spacing 5
Sim 2: 8 Junco, spacing 5
Sim 2: 8 Junco, spacing 5
Sim 3: 16 Junco, spacing 5
Sim 3: 16 Junco, spacing 5
Sim 3: 16 Junco, spacing 5
Sim 3: 16 Junco, spacing 5
Sim 4: 4 Junco, spacing 15
Sim 4: 4 Junco, spacing 15
Sim 4: 4 Junco, spacing 15
Sim 4: 4 Junco, spacing 15
Sim 5: 8 Junco, spacing 15
Sim 5: 8 Junco, spacing 15
Sim 5: 8 Junco, spacing 15
Sim 5: 8 Junco, spacing 15
Sim 6: 16 Junco, spacing 15
Sim 6: 16 Junco, spacing 15
Sim 6: 16 Junco, spacing 15
Sim 6: 16 Junco, spacing 15
Sim 7: 20
JUNCOS;SPACING 5
Sim 7:
Sim 7:
Sim 7:
36 OF 1313 WORDS n
Results
Energy
Prop. vigilance
Mean vigilance
Death Y/N
Energy
Prop. vigilance
Mean vigilance
Death Y/N
Energy
Prop. vigilance
Mean vigilance
Death Y/N
Energy
Prop. vigilance
Mean vigilance
Death Y/N
Energy
Prop. vigilance
Mean vigilance
Death Y/N
Energy
Prop. vigilance
Mean vigilance
Death Y/N
Energy
Prop. vigilance
Mean vigilance
Death Y/N
Run 1
1.25
0
1.6
N
1.62
.63
3
N
.87
.44
6
N
2
.5
1.5
N
2.38
.13
3
N
1.94
.25
5.7
Y
1.6
.15
7.4
N
Run 2
2.5
.25
1.5
N
1.12
.38
3
N
1.06
.06
5.5
N
1.5
.5
1.6
N
1.5
.25
3
Y
1.5
.25
6.2
N
1.2
.4
7.3
N
Run 3
2
.5
1.5
N
1.87
.38
3.2
N
1.87
.44
6
N
1.5
1
1.5
N
1
.38
2.9
N
2.25
.25
5.8
Y
1.65
.35
6.7
N
Run 4
1.25
.5
1.6
N
1.37
.25
2.6
N
1.62
.19
6
N
2.25
.25
1.6
N
2.5
.38
3
N
1.75
.44
5.9
N
1.35
.5
7.5
Y
Run 5
1.5
.25
1.5
N
1.5
.25
3.1
N
1.81
.19
5.8
N
2.25
.25
1.5
Y
1.75
.25
2.9
N
1.62
.19
6
y
1.65
.2
7.4
Y
闺
+
100

Expert Solution

Step 1

In this question, we will be analyzing the results of simulations conducted to study the behavior of Junco birds in different flock densities and spacings. The simulations involved different numbers of birds (4, 8, and 16) and different spacings (5 and 15). The data collected includes the proportion of birds looking up (Prop. Vigilance) and the average number of birds looking up each tick (Mean Vigilance) as well as the rate at which the birds escaped predation. The influence of food availability on flock size and competition will also be discussed. Through analysis of these simulations, we hope to understand the relationship between bird behavior and their ability to escape predation and the impact of food availability on flock size.

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