State whether the errors in (a)–(d) are random or systematic: a. A 25-mL transfer pipet consistently delivers 25.031 ± 0.009 mL. b. A 10-mL buret consistently delivers 1.98 ± 0.01 mL when drained from exactly 0 to exactly 2 mL and consistently delivers 2.03 mL ± 0.02 mL when drained from 2 to 4 mL. c. A 10-mL buret delivered 1.983 9 g of water when drained from exactly 0.00 to 2.00 mL. The next time I delivered water from the 0.00 to the 2.00 mL mark, the delivered mass was 1.9900 g.

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State whether the errors in (a)–(d) are random or systematic:
a. A 25-mL transfer pipet consistently delivers 25.031 ± 0.009 mL.
b. A 10-mL buret consistently delivers 1.98 ± 0.01 mL when drained from exactly 0 to exactly 2 mL and consistently delivers 2.03 mL ± 0.02 mL when drained from 2 to 4 mL.
c. A 10-mL buret delivered 1.983 9 g of water when drained from exactly 0.00 to 2.00 mL. The next time I delivered water from the 0.00 to the 2.00 mL mark, the delivered mass was 1.9900 g. d. Four consecutive 20.0-L injections of a solution into a chromatograph were made and the area of a particular peak was 4 383, 4 410, 4 401, and 4 390 units.

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