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- What does the amount of urea, ammonia, and creatinine in the urine tell us about renal function?
- Which food substances can lead to an increased value of NPN in the blood?
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- Gout—a condition that results in joint swelling and pain—is caused by the formation of sodium urate (NaC5H3N4O3) crystals within tendons, cartilage, and ligaments. Sodium urate precipitates out of blood plasma when uric acid levels become abnormally high. This sometimes happens as a result of eating too many rich foods and consuming too much alcohol, which is why gout is sometimes referred to as the “disease of kings.” If the sodium concentration in blood plasma is 0.140 M, and Ksp for sodium urate is 5.76 * 10 - 8, what minimum concentration of urate would result in precipitation?Which of the following statements is true regarding Renal Function and the filtration of molecules? (this is not the same question as '48') 49. A. Large molecules like Glucose are not filtered into the renal tubules because Glucose is too big. B. Glucose molecules are ultimately secreted into the renal tubules; thát is why Glucose is found in the urine of a normal healthy person. C. Glucose molecules are filtered into the renal tubules but are rapidly reabsorbed; that is why very little glucose is found in the urine of a healthy person. D. Plasma Electrolytes are simply too big to be filtered into the renal tubules; that is why only a small concentration of extracellular electrolytes are is found in the urine of a healthy person.The concentration of urea in urine is always much higher than the concentration in plasma. Does this mean that urea is secreted? Hint: remember that concentration is a ratio.
- Explain the mechanism how furosemide affects kidney tubules. How does this affect K+ balance? How different is the mechanism of thiazide affect urine production? Describe the process of acid-base regulation in human body.A) The two kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity and are primarily responsible the formation of urine, and the regulation of extracellular fluid composition. Identify which blood vessels carry oxygenated - but waste containing - blood into the kidneys. Identify which blood vessels carry deoxygenated - but filtered - blood away from the kidneys. Approximately 1 million nephrons can be found in each kidney and are primarily responsible for the filtration of blood and extracellular fluids, and the production of urine. Nephrons perform three (3) physiological functions as they produce urine - filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Identify the various structures and their locations, within each nephron, where those three (3) physiological functions are performed. Describe what is happening, in relation to the various components of blood, during the performance of those three (3) physiological functions. Define the term filtrate. Identify the two (2) harmful products excreted by the…Given: For urea, the rate of excretion equals to the GFR times the urea concentration in plasma. (A) If the urea concentration in plasma is 4.5 mmol/l, what GFR (in l/day) would correspond to an excretion rate of 450 mmol/day. (B) If the urea clearance is 70 ml/min and the GFR is 125 ml/min, what fraction of urea is being reabsorbed. (answer A and B)
- The following substances are normal constituents in urine. Determine their metabolic origins in the human body. Urea - Creatinine Indican Uric acid Why is analysis of urine important in the diagnosis of diseases?Given: A patient’s GFR (glomerular filtration rate) is 125 ml/min, and his urine is produced at a rate of 1.25 ml/min. (A) By what factor is the inulin concentrate in his urine. (B) The concentration of glucose in his plasma is 5 mmol/l. His renal reabsorption of glucose is completely inhibited. What would be the concentration of glucose in his urine? (answer parts a and b)After eating an undercooked hamburger, a twenty-five-yearold male developed diarrhea due to infection with a strain of Escherichia coli that produces a shigatoxin. How would this affect his blood pH, urine pH, and respiratory rate?
- If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 220 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 130 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will Question options: a) not appear in the urine because it is too large to be filtered b) be actively secreted into the filtrate d) be completely reabsorbed by the tubule cells 回Focus English (United States)What is glucose important for your body? Why is glucose especially important for the brain? Should glucose be in the blood of a healthy individual? Is it small? Does it get filtered through the filtration membrane at the glomerulus? Do you want to let glucose out in your urine? If glucose if filtered, but you want to keep it, what process does the nephron do to keep it? Should you have glucose in your urine if you are a normal healthy individual? What is a transport maximum? It means that we have so much glucose in the blood and in the filtrate that we cannot: _______________ it all. What hormone allows glucose to move from your blood INTO your cells? This hormone is the “key” that opens the “locked door” into your cells. What happens if you have diabetes mellitus and cannot produce (or produce enough) insulin? What symptoms does someone with diabetes mellitus (type I or type II)? Specifically:Ammonia, NH3, and ammonium ion, NH4+, are both soluble in water and could be easily excreted in the urine. Why does the body convert them to urea rather than excreting them directly?
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