Species I has 2n = 16 chromosomes. How many chromosomes will be found per cell in each of the following mutants in this species? a. Monosomic b. Autotriploid c. Autotetraploid
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Genetic Recombination
Recombination is crucial to this process because it allows genes to be reassorted into diverse combinations. Genetic recombination is the process of combining genetic components from two different origins into a single unit. In prokaryotes, genetic recombination takes place by the unilateral transfer of deoxyribonucleic acid. It includes transduction, transformation, and conjugation. The genetic exchange occurring between homologous deoxyribonucleic acid sequences (DNA) from two different sources is termed general recombination. For this to happen, an identical sequence of the two recombining molecules is required. The process of genetic exchange which occurs in eukaryotes during sexual reproduction such as meiosis is an example of this type of genetic recombination.
Microbial Genetics
Genes are the functional units of heredity. They transfer characteristic information from parents to the offspring.
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- We have discussed meiosis in yeast. One ascus e one melotic event. Two haploid yeast strains are crossed together, one wild type, the other mutant for 2 linked genes. The resulting diploid strain undergoes melosis eventually (=many meiotic events > many asci). A. What will the results be if the 2 genes are very far away from each other (certainly more than 50 map units)? B. What will the results be if the two genes are right next to each other, "no distance at all, zero distance"? (Explain your answers). Results here are patterns of asci and their percentages. Like for example "50% tetratypes, 0% ditypes", etc. If you forgot what a ditype or a tetratype is, you can illustrate them like that.A single yeast cell placed on a solid agar will dividemitotically to produce a colony of about 107cells. Ahaploid yeast cell that has a mutation in the ade2 genewill produce a red colony; an ade2+ colony will bewhite. Some of the colonies formed from diploidyeast cells with a genotype of ade2+/ ade2− willcontain sectors of red within a white colony.a. How would you explain these sectors?b. Although the white colonies are roughly the samesize, the red sectors within some of the whitecolonies vary markedly in size. Why? Do youexpect the majority of the red sectors to be relativelylarge or relatively small?An organism described as 2n=D4 has the chromosomes below with genes indicated by letters and centromeres indicated by periods. Select the BEST description of the chromosome aberration present in this organism. EFGKMN EF.GKMKMN RT.VXZ RT.VXZ Select one: O a. Robertsonian Translocation O b. Paracentric Inversion O c. Homobrachial Displaced Duplication O d. Reciprocal Translocation O e. Interstitial Deletion f. Reverse Tandem Duplication O g. Nonreciprocal Translocation O h. Heterobrachial Displaced Duplication Terminal Deletion Tandem Duplication O k. Pericentric Inversion
- An organism described as 2n=4 has the chromosomes below with genes indicated by letters and centromeres indicated by periods. Select the BEST description of the chromosome aberration present in this organism. EGHI.LNP El.LNP QTWZ QTWVZ Select one. O a. Pericentric Inversion O b. Homobrachial Displaced Duplication O c. Interstitial Deletion O d. Robertsonian Translocation O e. Reverse Tandem Duplication Of Terminal Deletion O g. Heterobrachial Displaced Duplication O h. Tandenm Duplication O Nonreciprocal Translocation 01 Reciprocal Translocation Ok. Paracentric InversionIndicate the percentage of tetrads that would have 0,1, 2, 3, or 4 viable spores after Saccharomycescerevisiae a / α diploids of the following genotypesare sporulated:a. A true-breeding wild-type strain (with no mutations in any gene essential for viability).b. A strain heterozygous for a null (completely inactivating) mutation in a single essential gene.For the remaining parts of this problem, considercrosses between yeast strains of the form a × b, wherea and b are both temperature-sensitive mutations indifferent essential genes. The cross is conducted under permissive (low-temperature) conditions. Indicatethe percentage of tetrads that would have 0, 1, 2, 3, or4 viable spores subsequently measured under restrictive (high-temperature) conditions.c. a and b are unlinked, and both are 0 m.u. from thecentromere.d. a and b are unlinked; a is 0 m.u. from the centromere, while b is 10 m.u. from the centromere.e. a and b are 0 m.u. apart.f. a and b are 10 m.u. apart. Assume all…An organism has the chromosomes shown below. Let the period represent the centromere. LMNO.PQRST and LMNQP.ORST Assume that a single crossover occurs between the P and Q loci in this individual, Which of the following are gametes that this individual will produce. Select all that apply. Select one or more: O a. LMNO.PQNML O b. LM.NOPORST O c. LMNO.PRSTQ O d. LMRS.TOPQ O e. LMNPQ.ORST Of. LMNOP.QRST Og. LMNOP.ORST Oh. LMNPQ.ORST
- Which of the following terms should not be used to describe ahuman with three copies of chromosome 12?A. PolyploidB. TriploidC. AneuploidD. EuploidE. 2n + 1F. Trisomy 12An organism described as 2n=4 has the chromosomes below with genes indicated by letters and centromeres indicated by periods. Select the BEST description of the chromosome aberration present in this organism. HJM.NPQ HJM.NPQ S.TVXZ S.TVXXVZ Select one: 0 a. Paracentric Inversion O b. Reverse Tandem Duplication Oc. Robertsonian Translocation Od. Terminal Deletion e. Tandem Duplication Of. Nonreciprocal Translocation g. Interstitial Deletion Oh. Pericentric Inversion Homobrachial Displaced Duplication Oj. Heterobrachial Displaced Duplication Ok. Reciprocal TranslocationIn a diploid organism that has a haploid complement of n=10, what is the formula and chromosome compliment of each individual? Chromosome complement Formula Total number of chromosomes 1. Trisomy 2. Monosomy 3. Tetraploid 4. Triploid
- An individual is heterozygous for a reciprocal translocation, with the following chromosomes: A • B C D E F A • B C V W X R S T • U D E F R S T • U V W X a. Draw a picture of these chromosomes pairing in prophase I of meiosis. b. Draw the products of alternate, adjacent-1, and adjacent-2 segregations. c. Explain why the fertility of this individual is likely to be less than the fertility of an individual without a translocation.A species of a plant has 2n = 16 chromosomes. How many chromosomes will be found per cell in each of the following mutants in this species? a. Monosomic: d. Trisomic: b. Autotriploid: e. Nullisomic: c. Autotetraploid: f. Tetrasomic:A sexually reproducing organism has the following phenotype DdEeAaTt: The D and E loci are on the same arm of a metacentric chromosome in cis configuration. The A locus is on the long arm of an acrocentric chromosome and the T locus is on a telocentric chromosome. There are no other chromosomes. 1. What is the haploid number of this organism? 2. Using diagrams, show a cell at metaphase of mitosis and show the results of mitosis. Ensure you show the location of the gene loci on the different chromosomes.