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Spatial V= ial composition of water can be the difference between life or any organisms. Microbes in lakes can reproduce and spread to of the water cycle. Ice nucleating Pseudomonads are microbes en shown to be in all parts of the water cycle and damage plants, domonads conduct ice nueleation by inducing freezing of molecules. Through evaporation and rainfall, ads can disperse anywhere. When bacterial ice nucleation occurs t tissue, ice crystals form within the tissue and damages the plant. microbial composition, two Oklahoma lakes: the urban lake-- r and the rural lake-Crowder Lake, were examined. In each lake, les were collected from three specific locations in summer and aths. Samples were inoculated on 10% tryptic soy agar to otal bacterial load and King's B agar supplemented with boric neximide, and cephalexin to isolate Pseudomonads. At Lake eastern shore had significantly larger bacterial concentration in s compared to other locations. At Crowder Lake, the center of the nificantly lower bacterial concentration in both seasons compared ations. Seasonally, there was lower bacterial concentration in the ake Hefner compared to the summer, while Crowder Lake had erial concentration year-round. Lake Hefner had higher bacterial North to Weatherford miles water Figure 2. Sampling sites Crowder Lake are mar- stars (Yellow= Near Do- Center of Lake, Green Shore). Pseudomonad conc did not differ betwe sites; however, total load was significanth the center of

Spatial V= ial composition of water can be the difference between life or any organisms. Microbes in lakes can reproduce and spread to of the water cycle. Ice nucleating Pseudomonads are microbes en shown to be in all parts of the water cycle and damage plants, domonads conduct ice nueleation by inducing freezing of molecules. Through evaporation and rainfall, ads can disperse anywhere. When bacterial ice nucleation occurs t tissue, ice crystals form within the tissue and damages the plant. microbial composition, two Oklahoma lakes: the urban lake-- r and the rural lake-Crowder Lake, were examined. In each lake, les were collected from three specific locations in summer and aths. Samples were inoculated on 10% tryptic soy agar to otal bacterial load and King's B agar supplemented with boric neximide, and cephalexin to isolate Pseudomonads. At Lake eastern shore had significantly larger bacterial concentration in s compared to other locations. At Crowder Lake, the center of the nificantly lower bacterial concentration in both seasons compared ations. Seasonally, there was lower bacterial concentration in the ake Hefner compared to the summer, while Crowder Lake had erial concentration year-round. Lake Hefner had higher bacterial North to Weatherford miles water Figure 2. Sampling sites Crowder Lake are mar- stars (Yellow= Near Do- Center of Lake, Green Shore). Pseudomonad conc did not differ betwe sites; however, total load was significanth the center of

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
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Abstract Spatial Va The microbial composition of water can be the difference between life or death for many organisms. Microbes in lakes can reproduce and spread to other parts of the water eycle. Ice nucleating Pseudomonads are microbes that have been shown to be in all parts of the water cycle and damage plants, These Pseudomonads conduct ice nucleation by inducing freezing of supercooled Pseudomonads can disperse anywhere. When bacterial ice nucleation occurs around plant tissue, ice crystals form within the tissue and damages the plant. To examine microbial composition, two Oklahoma lakes: the urban lake- Lake Hefner and the rural lake-Crowder Lake, were examined. In each lake, water samples were collected from three specific locations in summer and winter months. Samples were inoculated on 10% tryptic soy agar to determine total bacterial load and King's B agar supplemented with borie acid, cycloheximide, and cephalexin to isolate Pseudomonads. At Lake Hefner, the eastern shore had significantly larger bacterial concentration in both seasons compared to other locations. At Crowder Lake, the center of the lake had significantly lower bacterial concentration in both seasons compared to other locations. Seasonally, there was lower bacterial concentration in the winter at Lake Hefner compared to the summer, while Crowder Lake had similar bacterial concentration year-round. Lake Hefner had higher bacterial concentration compared to Crowder Lake. Pseudomonads isolated from both seasons and lakes were tested for ice nucleation activity by inoculating in super cooled water and detecting ice formation. Twenty-two ice nucleators were detected at Crowder Lake and three ice nucleators were detected at North to Weatherford 2 miles water molecules. Through evaporation and rainfall, Figure 2. Sampling sites Crowder Lake are marl- stars (Yellow = Near Do- Center of Lake, Green= Shore). • Pseudomonad conc did not differ betwe sites; however, total load was significant the center of compared to the doc (Fig. 3). Lake Hefner in the summer, and none were detected in the winter. The seasonal differences in the concentration of ice nucleating bacteria were surprising because other studies have shown that cooler environments select for increased ice nucleating bacteria. Spatial V Ice Nucleating Pseudomonads Herintal yrimpee yrngan deud ·pringe un erosos om wid and cutivaed pants Lake snow waters Hefner - Figure 4. Sampling sit Lake Hefner are marl stars (Orange = South Shore, Purple = Near Blue = Eastern Shore %3D %3D Ennhment and diversficaon -ayoystem Figure 1. Movement of Pseudomonas syringae throughout the water cycle (Morris et al., 2008). Lake Hefner Pseudomonads are bacteria that inhabit soils and are pathogens of plants and animals. Ice nucleating Pseudomonads (hereafter referred to as Ice+) are bacteria that can freeze supercooled water in their vicinity at a higher temperature than freezing would occur in their absence. Icet strains have been detected in all portions of the water cycle and likely spread via precipitation (Fig. 1) (Morris et al., 2008). Due to the enrichment of Ice+ strains in clouds, ice nucleation activity is hypothesized to allow Pseudomonads to move via clouds in association with aerosolized water. This can be problematic because Ice+ strains can be transmitted to agricultural plants through the water cycle where they cause disease (Morris et al., 2008), Furthermore, Ice+ strains can cause frost injury via ice nucleation of water in plant tissues (Lindow et al., 1982). Ice+ bacteria have been detected on multiple continents, in all forms of water, and in all seasons. (A) 8000 b 6000 4000 2000 Bacterial Loac Figure 6. Seasonal b- Hefner (A) and Crowe Fig. 3. Values indicat value <0.05). Encmant nd gcuttural CFU/ml E
Transcribed Image Text:Abstract Spatial Va The microbial composition of water can be the difference between life or death for many organisms. Microbes in lakes can reproduce and spread to other parts of the water eycle. Ice nucleating Pseudomonads are microbes that have been shown to be in all parts of the water cycle and damage plants, These Pseudomonads conduct ice nucleation by inducing freezing of supercooled Pseudomonads can disperse anywhere. When bacterial ice nucleation occurs around plant tissue, ice crystals form within the tissue and damages the plant. To examine microbial composition, two Oklahoma lakes: the urban lake- Lake Hefner and the rural lake-Crowder Lake, were examined. In each lake, water samples were collected from three specific locations in summer and winter months. Samples were inoculated on 10% tryptic soy agar to determine total bacterial load and King's B agar supplemented with borie acid, cycloheximide, and cephalexin to isolate Pseudomonads. At Lake Hefner, the eastern shore had significantly larger bacterial concentration in both seasons compared to other locations. At Crowder Lake, the center of the lake had significantly lower bacterial concentration in both seasons compared to other locations. Seasonally, there was lower bacterial concentration in the winter at Lake Hefner compared to the summer, while Crowder Lake had similar bacterial concentration year-round. Lake Hefner had higher bacterial concentration compared to Crowder Lake. Pseudomonads isolated from both seasons and lakes were tested for ice nucleation activity by inoculating in super cooled water and detecting ice formation. Twenty-two ice nucleators were detected at Crowder Lake and three ice nucleators were detected at North to Weatherford 2 miles water molecules. Through evaporation and rainfall, Figure 2. Sampling sites Crowder Lake are marl- stars (Yellow = Near Do- Center of Lake, Green= Shore). • Pseudomonad conc did not differ betwe sites; however, total load was significant the center of compared to the doc (Fig. 3). Lake Hefner in the summer, and none were detected in the winter. The seasonal differences in the concentration of ice nucleating bacteria were surprising because other studies have shown that cooler environments select for increased ice nucleating bacteria. Spatial V Ice Nucleating Pseudomonads Herintal yrimpee yrngan deud ·pringe un erosos om wid and cutivaed pants Lake snow waters Hefner - Figure 4. Sampling sit Lake Hefner are marl stars (Orange = South Shore, Purple = Near Blue = Eastern Shore %3D %3D Ennhment and diversficaon -ayoystem Figure 1. Movement of Pseudomonas syringae throughout the water cycle (Morris et al., 2008). Lake Hefner Pseudomonads are bacteria that inhabit soils and are pathogens of plants and animals. Ice nucleating Pseudomonads (hereafter referred to as Ice+) are bacteria that can freeze supercooled water in their vicinity at a higher temperature than freezing would occur in their absence. Icet strains have been detected in all portions of the water cycle and likely spread via precipitation (Fig. 1) (Morris et al., 2008). Due to the enrichment of Ice+ strains in clouds, ice nucleation activity is hypothesized to allow Pseudomonads to move via clouds in association with aerosolized water. This can be problematic because Ice+ strains can be transmitted to agricultural plants through the water cycle where they cause disease (Morris et al., 2008), Furthermore, Ice+ strains can cause frost injury via ice nucleation of water in plant tissues (Lindow et al., 1982). Ice+ bacteria have been detected on multiple continents, in all forms of water, and in all seasons. (A) 8000 b 6000 4000 2000 Bacterial Loac Figure 6. Seasonal b- Hefner (A) and Crowe Fig. 3. Values indicat value <0.05). Encmant nd gcuttural CFU/ml E
Spatial Variations in Crowder Lake Novel Ice+ Strains Detected 2000 North to Weatherford a Table 1. Number of Ice+ strains detected in Lake Hefner and Crowder Lake in winter and summer. 2 miles 1000 1 mile Summer Ice+Winter Ice+ -1000 Bacterial Load Pseudomonas Lake Hefner Crowder Lake P 22 O Near Dock IOpposite Shore Figure 3. Average bacterial Pseudomonad concentrations at each Crowder Lake location. Samples were ICenter of Lake 3 Figure 2. Sampling sites at Crowder Lake are marked by stars (Yellow = Near Dock, Red = Center of Lake, Green Opposite evaluated by determining CFU/ml on Shore). Ice+ strains were detected by inoculating isolates in supercooled water and observing ice crystallization. The identity of Ice+ strains was determined by 16s FRNA sequencing (Table 2). and 10% tryptic soy agar (bacterial load) Table 2. Identification, previously described Icet status, and known • Pseudomonad concentrations and King's B agar supplemented with did not differ between sample sites; however, total bacterial cephalexin load was significantly lower in indicated by different letters differ the habitats of cultured Icet strains. boric acid, cycloheximide, and (Pseudomonas). Values ID via 16s FRNA Sequencing Ice+ Status Habitats Aeromonadaceae bacterium NRII13 Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain PS-13 No Animal/Human/Soil lake significantly (single factor ANOVA, p- value <0.05). center of the Yes Animal/Plant Pathogen compared to the dock or shore (Fig. 3). Acinetobacter johnsonii strain P212 Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain PS-13 Pseudomonas moraviensis strain HFBPROI No Soil Yes Animal/Plant Pathogen Animal/Plant Pathogen Human wounds Animal/Plant/Human Animal/Plant/Human Yes Spatial Variations in Lake Hefner Meromonas veronii B565 Pantoca dispersa strain MLTBY Pantoea dispersa strain UBI No No 10000 No No Soil Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain HK24 Pseudomonas syringae pv. theae strain KIWI-ZZ b b E 5000 Animal/Plant Pathogen Plant/Human Yes Mixta gaviniae strain DSM 2275 Pseudomonas syringae pv. theae strain KIWI-ZZ No Bacterial Load Pseudomonas Animal/Plant Pathogen Yes -5000 I Southern Shore I Near Dock I Eastern Shore Discussion Lake Hefner Figure 5. Average bacterial and Pseudomonad concentrations in Lake Figure 4. Sampling sites at Lake Hefner are marked by stars (Orange = Southern Shore, Purple = Near Dock, Blue = Eastern Shore). Spatial variations were detected in Crowder Lake (Fig. 3) and Lake Hefner (Fig. 5). • Seasonal analysis demonstrates that there is lower overall bacterial concentration in the winter season for Lake Hefner but not Crowder Lake (Fig. 6). Neither site differed in the concentration of Pseudomonads between seasons. Hefner. Samples were processed and statistics performed as described in Fig. 3. • There were no detectable Ice+ strains in these lakes in the winter months (Table 1). This was a surprise, as previous studies in multiple locations showed evidence of higher Ice+ activity in winter months compared to summer months. • Seven of the twelve Ice+ strains identified do not have previously published Icet activity, suggesting that their role in ice nucleation has not been previously characterized (Table 2). • Four Ice+ isolates identified were plant pathogen P. syringae (Table 2). Lake Hefner Exhibits Seasonal Variations (B) 2000 Summer Average (A) 8000 a b. 1500 Winter Average 6000 1000 4000 500 2000 Bacterial LoadPseudomonas Bacterial Load Pseudomonas References Figure 6. Seasonal bacterial and Pseudomonad concentrations at Lake Hefner (A) and Crowder Lake (B). Samples were processed as described in Fig. 3. Values indicated by different letters differ significantly (T-test, p- value <0.05). Lindow, S. E, Arny, D. C, & Upper, C.D. (1982). Bacterial ice nucleation: A factor la frost injury te plants Plant Physiolegy, 704), 1084-1089, https:/idol.org/10.1104'pp.70.4.184 Morrik, C. E, Sands, D. C. Vinatzer, B. A Glaus, C. Guibaud, C, Buffere, A. Yan, S. Dominguer, H,& Thompson, H M. (2008). The life history of the plant pathogen pendemenar yringae is laked te the water cycle. The SME Jeurnal, 2), 321-334. httpst/dol.org/0.1038/smej.2007.13 CFU/ml CFU/ml CFU/ml CFU/ml
Transcribed Image Text:Spatial Variations in Crowder Lake Novel Ice+ Strains Detected 2000 North to Weatherford a Table 1. Number of Ice+ strains detected in Lake Hefner and Crowder Lake in winter and summer. 2 miles 1000 1 mile Summer Ice+Winter Ice+ -1000 Bacterial Load Pseudomonas Lake Hefner Crowder Lake P 22 O Near Dock IOpposite Shore Figure 3. Average bacterial Pseudomonad concentrations at each Crowder Lake location. Samples were ICenter of Lake 3 Figure 2. Sampling sites at Crowder Lake are marked by stars (Yellow = Near Dock, Red = Center of Lake, Green Opposite evaluated by determining CFU/ml on Shore). Ice+ strains were detected by inoculating isolates in supercooled water and observing ice crystallization. The identity of Ice+ strains was determined by 16s FRNA sequencing (Table 2). and 10% tryptic soy agar (bacterial load) Table 2. Identification, previously described Icet status, and known • Pseudomonad concentrations and King's B agar supplemented with did not differ between sample sites; however, total bacterial cephalexin load was significantly lower in indicated by different letters differ the habitats of cultured Icet strains. boric acid, cycloheximide, and (Pseudomonas). Values ID via 16s FRNA Sequencing Ice+ Status Habitats Aeromonadaceae bacterium NRII13 Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain PS-13 No Animal/Human/Soil lake significantly (single factor ANOVA, p- value <0.05). center of the Yes Animal/Plant Pathogen compared to the dock or shore (Fig. 3). Acinetobacter johnsonii strain P212 Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain PS-13 Pseudomonas moraviensis strain HFBPROI No Soil Yes Animal/Plant Pathogen Animal/Plant Pathogen Human wounds Animal/Plant/Human Animal/Plant/Human Yes Spatial Variations in Lake Hefner Meromonas veronii B565 Pantoca dispersa strain MLTBY Pantoea dispersa strain UBI No No 10000 No No Soil Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain HK24 Pseudomonas syringae pv. theae strain KIWI-ZZ b b E 5000 Animal/Plant Pathogen Plant/Human Yes Mixta gaviniae strain DSM 2275 Pseudomonas syringae pv. theae strain KIWI-ZZ No Bacterial Load Pseudomonas Animal/Plant Pathogen Yes -5000 I Southern Shore I Near Dock I Eastern Shore Discussion Lake Hefner Figure 5. Average bacterial and Pseudomonad concentrations in Lake Figure 4. Sampling sites at Lake Hefner are marked by stars (Orange = Southern Shore, Purple = Near Dock, Blue = Eastern Shore). Spatial variations were detected in Crowder Lake (Fig. 3) and Lake Hefner (Fig. 5). • Seasonal analysis demonstrates that there is lower overall bacterial concentration in the winter season for Lake Hefner but not Crowder Lake (Fig. 6). Neither site differed in the concentration of Pseudomonads between seasons. Hefner. Samples were processed and statistics performed as described in Fig. 3. • There were no detectable Ice+ strains in these lakes in the winter months (Table 1). This was a surprise, as previous studies in multiple locations showed evidence of higher Ice+ activity in winter months compared to summer months. • Seven of the twelve Ice+ strains identified do not have previously published Icet activity, suggesting that their role in ice nucleation has not been previously characterized (Table 2). • Four Ice+ isolates identified were plant pathogen P. syringae (Table 2). Lake Hefner Exhibits Seasonal Variations (B) 2000 Summer Average (A) 8000 a b. 1500 Winter Average 6000 1000 4000 500 2000 Bacterial LoadPseudomonas Bacterial Load Pseudomonas References Figure 6. Seasonal bacterial and Pseudomonad concentrations at Lake Hefner (A) and Crowder Lake (B). Samples were processed as described in Fig. 3. Values indicated by different letters differ significantly (T-test, p- value <0.05). Lindow, S. E, Arny, D. C, & Upper, C.D. (1982). Bacterial ice nucleation: A factor la frost injury te plants Plant Physiolegy, 704), 1084-1089, https:/idol.org/10.1104'pp.70.4.184 Morrik, C. E, Sands, D. C. Vinatzer, B. A Glaus, C. Guibaud, C, Buffere, A. Yan, S. Dominguer, H,& Thompson, H M. (2008). The life history of the plant pathogen pendemenar yringae is laked te the water cycle. The SME Jeurnal, 2), 321-334. httpst/dol.org/0.1038/smej.2007.13 CFU/ml CFU/ml CFU/ml CFU/ml
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