Silicon is diffused at 1100°C for 20 minutes with bismuth (Bi). You measure a diffusion length of 1 µm and the total amount of Bi in the sample is 2 × 10'5 Bi atoms/cm². Use linear approximation and D (a) What is the diffusion coefficient? (b) What is the surface concentration? (c) What is the flux after 10 min? You heat another sample to 1200°C for 20 minutes and the surface concen- tration remains unchanged but the diffusion length increases a factor of 4: (d) What is the total amount of Bi in the sample? (e) What is the value of the activation energy EA? Do exp (– Ea/kT). %3D

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Free Body Diagram

The system of forces acting on a body tends to either rotate it or make the body undergo motion. In general, when an external agent exerts a force on a body, the body undergoes translational motion and rotational motion. The body has six degrees of freedom under the influence of that force. Here, three degrees of freedom are from the translational motion while the other three are from the rotation motion. However, sometimes the bodies are not allowed to undergo any motion and are fixed, under such conditions the body is said to be constrained.