rotating shaft of 16 mm diameter is made of plain carbon steel. It is subjected to axial load of 5000 N, a steady torque of 50 N-m and maximum bending moment of 75 N￾m. Calculate the factor of safety available based on 1. Maximum normal stress theory; and 2. Maximum shear stress theory. Assume yield strength as 400 MPa for plain carbon steel

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Combined Loading

Any functioning component, such as machine parts, structural members, pressure vessels, and so on, are all under the influence of more than one force. When anybody is under the influence of more than one force such as shear forces, bending moments, axial forces, torsion, and so on, then such body is said to be under combined loading. A very practical example of combined loading is the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine (IC engine). The crankshaft of the IC engine is under high rpm, which is caused due to the torsional forces. Due to the presence of piston, counterbalances, and internal imbalances, the crankshaft experiences lateral forces and due to the rise in temperature, the crankshaft undergoes thermal expansion, which pulls the crankshaft along the axial direction and lateral direction. The presence of unbalanced loads along the periphery of the crankshaft also induces a bending moment.