reading: The accelerometer keeps track of how quickly the speed of your vehicle is changing. When your car hits another car—or wall or telephone pole or deer—the accelerometer triggers the circuit. The circuit then sends an electrical current through the heating element, which is kind of like the ones in your toaster, except it heats up a whole lot quicker. This ignites the charge which prompts a decomposition reaction that fills the deflated nylon airbag (packed in your steering column, dashboard or car door) at about 200 miles per hour. The whole process takes a mere 1/25 of a second. The bag itself has tiny holes that begin releasing the gas as soon as it’s filled. The goal is for the bag to be deflating by time your head hits it. That way it absorbs the impact, rather than your head bouncing back off the fully inflated airbag and causing you the sort of whiplash that could break your neck. Sometimes a puff of white powder comes out of the bag. That’s cornstarch or talcum powder to keep the bag supple while it’s in storage. (Just like a rubberband that dries out and cracks with age, airbags can do the same thing.) Most airbags today have silicone coatings, which makes this unnecessary. Advanced airbags are multistage devices capable of adjusting inflation speed and pressure according to the size of the occupant requiring protection. Those determinations are made from information provided by seat-position and occupant-mass sensors. The SDM also knows whether a belt or child restraint is in use. Today, manufacturers want to make sure that what’s occurring is in fact an accident and not, say, an impact with a pothole or a curb. Accidental airbag deployments would, after all, attract trial lawyers in wholesale lots. So if you want to know exactly what the deployment algorithm stored in the SDM is, just do what GM has done: Crash thousands of cars and study thousands of accidents. The Detonation: Decomposition Reactions Manufacturers use different chemical stews to fill their airbags. A solid chemical mix is held in what is basically a small tray within the steering column. When the mechanism is triggered, an electric charge heats up a small filament to ignite the chemicals and—BLAMMO!—a rapid reaction produces a lot of nitrogen gas. Think of it as supersonic Jiffy Pop, with the kernels as the propellant. This type of chemical reaction is called “decomposition”. A decomposition reaction is a reaction in which a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances. A reaction is also considered to be decomposition even when one or more of the products are still compounds. Equation 1. general form of decomposition equations When sodium azide (NaN3) decomposes, it generates solid sodium and nitrogen gas, making it a great way to inflate something as the small volume of solid turns into a large volume of gas. The decomposition of sodium azide results in sodium metal which is highly reactive and potentially explosive. For this reason, most airbags also contain potassium nitrate and silicon dioxide which react with sodium metal to convert it to harmless compounds. Equation 2. decomposition of sodium azide Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), though most commonly used in fertilizers, could also naturally decompose into gas if it’s heated enough, making it a non-toxic option as an airbag ingredient. Compared to the sodium axide standard, half the amount of solid starting material is required to produce the same three total moles of gas, though that total is comprised of two types, dinitrogen monoxide (N2O) and water vapor (H2O). Equation 3. decomposition of ammonium nitrate Highly explosive compounds like nitroglycerin (C3H5N3O9) are effective in construction, demolition, and mining applications, in part, because the products of decomposition are also environmentally safe and nontoxic. However, they are too shock-sensitive for airbag applications. Even a little bit of friction can cause nitroglycerin to explode, making it difficult to control. The explosive nature of this chemical is attributed to its predictable decomposition which results in nearly five times the number of moles of gas from only four moles of liquid starting material when compared to both sodium azide and ammonium nitrate alternatives. You're are NOT answering this: Scientific question: How does the choice of chemical ingredient ia airbn ag influence their effectiveness. As you talks about the dimensional analysis setup, stock and explain each part using the information from the article. Point directly to the collected data as evidence. Since the scientific question relates the chemical ingredients to effectiveness, you might consider discussing all the outcomes for each chemical ingredient (time, volume, popped/not inflated, enough/inflated perfectly, amount initially used separately.
States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
reading:
The accelerometer keeps track of how quickly the speed of your vehicle is changing. When your car hits another car—or wall or telephone pole or deer—the accelerometer triggers the circuit. The circuit then sends an
Today, manufacturers want to make sure that what’s occurring is in fact an accident and not, say, an impact with a pothole or a curb. Accidental airbag deployments would, after all, attract trial lawyers in wholesale lots. So if you want to know exactly what the deployment algorithm stored in the SDM is, just do what GM has done: Crash thousands of cars and study thousands of accidents. The Detonation: Decomposition Reactions Manufacturers use different chemical stews to fill their airbags. A solid chemical mix is held in what is basically a small tray within the steering column. When the mechanism is triggered, an electric charge heats up a small filament to ignite the chemicals and—BLAMMO!—a rapid reaction produces a lot of nitrogen gas. Think of it as supersonic Jiffy Pop, with the kernels as the propellant. This type of
Equation 1. general form of decomposition equations When sodium azide (NaN3) decomposes, it generates solid sodium and nitrogen gas, making it a great way to inflate something as the small volume of solid turns into a large volume of gas. The decomposition of sodium azide results in sodium metal which is highly reactive and potentially explosive. For this reason, most airbags also contain potassium nitrate and silicon dioxide which react with sodium metal to convert it to harmless compounds. Equation 2. decomposition of sodium azide Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), though most commonly used in fertilizers, could also naturally decompose into gas if it’s heated enough, making it a non-toxic option as an airbag ingredient. Compared to the sodium axide standard, half the amount of solid starting material is required to produce the same three total moles of gas, though that total is comprised of two types, dinitrogen monoxide (N2O) and water vapor (H2O). Equation 3. decomposition of ammonium nitrate Highly explosive compounds like nitroglycerin (C3H5N3O9) are effective in construction, demolition, and mining applications, in part, because the products of decomposition are also environmentally safe and nontoxic. However, they are too shock-sensitive for airbag applications. Even a little bit of friction can cause nitroglycerin to explode, making it difficult to control. The explosive nature of this chemical is attributed to its predictable decomposition which results in nearly five times the number of moles of gas from only four moles of liquid starting material when compared to both sodium azide and ammonium nitrate alternatives.
You're are NOT answering this: Scientific question: How does the choice of chemical ingredient ia airbn ag influence their effectiveness.
As you talks about the dimensional analysis setup, stock and explain each part using the information from the article.
Point directly to the collected data as evidence. Since the scientific question relates the chemical ingredients to effectiveness, you might consider discussing all the outcomes for each chemical ingredient (time, volume, popped/not inflated, enough/inflated perfectly, amount initially used separately.
![File
Home Insert Design Layout
Table 1. Macroscopic and Microscopic Observations of Airbag Inflation
1 mole
• Macroscopic: The airbag inflated
partially and did not protect the crash
test dummy.
Substance
sodium azide
(NON₂)
ammonium nitrate
(NH.NO)
References
nitroglycerin
(C₂H₂N₂O)
• Microscopic: The nitrogen gas particles
move rapidly and collide with each other
and the walls of the container, while the
solid sodium remains fixed in position.
The purple particles in the image
represent nitrogen gas particles.
Macroscopic: The inflates entirely and the
crash test dummy is protected.
Microscopic: As the airbag inflates rapidly,
the tiny particles of the gases produced
inside it move rapidly in all directions, hitting
each other and the walls of the airbag. This
collision of particles creates pressure, which
causes the airbag to expand and inflate.
Macroscopic: The bag inflated beyond its
maximum volume, and pressure inside it
increased, causing it to explode.
Microscopic: When the airbag inflates, the gas
particles move rapidly and occupy almost all the
space inside the bag. However, when the bag
deflates, all the particles disperse and there is no
residue left in the steering column.
Mailings
2 moles
Macroscopic: The airbag inflates rapidly. The
crash test dummy is well protected.
Microscopic: Nitrogen gas particles move swiftly
throughout the entire space, but not as swiftly as
they did in the partially inflated bag when only 1
mole was utilized. Solid sodium products, on the
other hand, remain in the steering column and do
not move. In comparison, the fully inflated airbag
has more empty space between the purple gas
particles.
●
Macroscopic: The bag inflated beyond its
maximum volume, and the pressure inside it
increased, causing it to explode.
Microscopic: While the airbag is still intact, the
tiny particles of the gases released inside it move
quickly in all directions, but once the airbag
ruptures, they float away. In the steering column,
nothing is left.
The same observations are drawn when using
2 moles of nitroglycerin.
Table 2. Volume (L) of Gas Produced by Decomposition
Substance
1 mole
2 moles
sodium ozide
(NaN₂)
ammonium nitrate
(NH.NO)
nitroglycerin
(C₂H₂N₂O₂)
sodium azide
(NaN₂)
32.6
ammonium nitrate
(NH.NO)
nitroglycerin
(C₂H₂N₂O₂)
66.2
Greater than
149.7
Table 3. Time (s) To Fill An Airbag to Max Capacity
Substance
2 moles
1 mole
Never fills,
10 s
10.0
66.2
66.2
Greater than
Greater than
149.3
0.0002
10.0
0.0004
0.0003
Volume of Gas (L)
Figure 1. Comparison of Volume of Gas Produced Over Time From Decomposition Sodium /
1 mole NaNs
(b) 2 moles NaNs
Volume of Gas (L)
150
Volume of Gas (L)
150
125
100
001 0.01
75
50
Time (s)
25
TO BOOG a 328
1
Figure 2. Comparison of Volume of Gas Produced Over Time From Decomposition Ammon
1 mole NH4NO3
(b) 2 moles NH₂NO3
14
10 0000 3.00 TL
0001 601 011 10
Time (s)
0.0079 s. 149.8 L
Mas Aug Valuare
0.001 0.01 0.1
Time (s)
1
Volume of Gas (L)
Mas đảm an Vi
500
10
D
2001 001 03
Time (s)
Volume of Gas (L)
150
Figure 3. Comparison of Volume of Gas Produced Over Time From Decomposition Nitroglyceri
(b)
1 mole C₂HsN₂09
2 moles C₂HsN₂O⁹
100
75
30
25
●
12 0000 002-
Volume of Gas (L)
0.001 0.01 0.1
Time (s)
150
125
100
10
75
a Ating Toy
50
O
10 0000 = 120 DE
Max Airbag Volume
10
0.0079 s. 190.0 L
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
Time (s)
Max Airbag
10
100%](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F0f5379cb-249a-4ca0-9cf8-7fa0b0176ddf%2F128c2f58-e5b1-4bfe-bf11-55f2dd577ecf%2Flm32y7_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
![Styles
Г Editing
1. What is the functional purpose of an airbag?
The functional purpose of an airbag is to give a cushioned surface for the driver of a vehicle during the time of the collision. On page one, paragraph three, states, "They are designed to supplement seatbelt restraints and help to distribute the load exerted on a human
body during an accident." The airbag helps to absorb and distribute the force of the impact caused by the result of collision. Since the airbag is filled with a gas (N2) it can slow down the forward motion which can prevent someone from creating a sudden collision in the
steering wheel with a greater force. It may also prevent the person inside from being thrown from the vehicle during a crash. Thus, the functional purpose of an airbag is to protect the driver from collision with the steering wheel by minimizing the force of impact.
2. While a series of events take place within the airbag system, what ultimately causes the airbag, stored in the steering column, to inflate?
The vehicle will send a sudden signal by its electronic control module. The sensors in the vehicle get triggered by this signal and will detect collision. On page two, paragraph two, it states, "This ignites the charge which prompts a decomposition reaction that fills the
deflated nylon airbag (packed in your steering column, dashboard or car door) at about 200 miles per hour." The rapid chemical decomposition reaction taking place to produce nitrogen gas only requires a small spark. This process can be done by the signal sent by the
electronic control module inside the vehicle which can cause an electric current to the inflator ignition process. The airbag contains a chemical called sodium azide. The sudden electric current causes the sodium azide to get ignited. This will result in the production of
N2 gas. This inflates the airbags within a few seconds. Thus, the airbag inflates due to a chemical reaction that produces nitrogen gas, which rapidly fills the airbag and causes it to inflate.
3. Compare and contrast the properties of an effective airbag versus an ineffective airbag.
An effective airbag should inflate quickly upon impact to absorb the impact and prevent whiplash, while also being able to distinguish between an accident and other impacts. On page two, paragraph two, it states. "The goal is for the bag to be deflating by the time your head hits it." An
effective airbag must deploy quickly, deflate upon impact, and only deploy during an actual accident. It should also contain safe and non-toxic ingredients such as potassium nitrate and silicon dioxide to convert potentially explosive compounds into harmless ones. An ineffective airbag
may not deploy quickly enough, fail to deflate upon impact, or deploy accidentally due to hitting a pothole or curb. It may also contain dangerous ingredients such as nitroglycerin which could easily explode and is difficult to control.
4. Why is decomposition the reaction of choice to inflate airbag systems? Write 5 sentences.
A decomposition reaction is a type of chemical reaction where one reactant dissociates into two or more components or products in the presence of heat. On page three, paragraph one, it states, "When sodium azide (NaN3) decomposes, it generates solid sodium and
nitrogen gas making it a great way to inflate something as the small volume of solid turns into a large volume of gas." This is important because the airbag needs to inflate quickly and with enough force to protect the occupants of the vehicle in the event of a collision.
Decomposition is the reaction of choice to inflate airbag systems because it is a rapid and exothermic process that can generate a large volume of gas quickly. In the image on page three, image three, when the airbag sensor detects a collision, an electrical signal is
sent to the inflator module. This initiates the decomposition of sodium azide, which produces nitrogen gas (N2) that inflates the airbag. The reaction is highly exothermic, which means it releases a large amount of heat, helping to rapidly inflate the airbag. The
decomposition of a solid propellant produces a gas that is non-toxic and non-inflammable. This makes it a safe option for use in airbag systems. Additionally, the reaction is highly controllable, allowing for precise timing. Overall, the use of decomposition as the
reaction choice for airbag inflation is a practical and effective solution for ensuring passenger safety in vehicles.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F0f5379cb-249a-4ca0-9cf8-7fa0b0176ddf%2F128c2f58-e5b1-4bfe-bf11-55f2dd577ecf%2F4kdqn6e_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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