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Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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Read all the parts of this question before answering. Thermogenesis is a metabolic process used to generate heat in many homeothermic/endothermic/warm-blooded animals and a few species of plants. Thermogenesis involves an uncoupling protein that allows protons to flow from the intermembrane space back into the mitochondrial matrix.

a. What two processes – which are normally energetically coupled – become uncoupled by the action of uncoupling proteins?

b. What kind of a protein allows ions such as H⁺ to diffuse through a membrane?

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The generation of ATP depends on the generation of electrochemical gradient in electron transport chain. This process occurs in the inner mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotic cells.

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c. On the diagram below, i) draw where the uncoupling protein must be located and ii) indicate the direction of proton flow through the uncoupling protein.

### Electron Transport Chain in Mitochondria

The image illustrates the electron transport chain (ETC) located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It depicts the complexes and proteins involved in the process, along with the movement of hydrogen ions (H⁺) and electrons.

#### Components:

1. **Mitochondrial Inner Membrane**: The semi-permeable membrane depicted with a double-layer of phospholipids, which serves as the location for the ETC.

2. **Complexes I-IV**:
- **Complex I**: Accepts electrons from NADH, transferring them through a series of reactions to ubiquinone, while pumping H⁺ ions into the intermembrane space.
- **Complex II**: Transfers electrons from FADH₂ directly to ubiquinone, without pumping H⁺.
- **Complex III**: Transfers electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c, again pumping H⁺ ions into the intermembrane space.
- **Complex IV**: Transfers electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen, forming water, and pumps additional H⁺ ions.

3. **Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q)**: A lipid-soluble electron carrier that moves electrons between Complex I or II and Complex III.

4. **Cytochrome c**: A small protein that carries electrons from Complex III to Complex IV.

5. **ATP Synthase**: A protein that uses the H⁺ gradient generated by the ETC to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.

6. **Hydrogen Ion (H⁺) Gradient**: H⁺ ions are shown being pumped into the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical gradient. This gradient drives ATP synthesis as H⁺ ions flow back into the mitochondrial matrix through ATP synthase.

#### Key Processes:

- **Electron Transport**: Electrons are transferred through a series of complexes, releasing energy.
- **Proton Pumping**: H⁺ ions are moved across the membrane, establishing a proton gradient.
- **ATP Production**: The return flow of H⁺ ions powers ATP synthase, enabling the conversion of ADP to ATP.

This image effectively summarizes the cellular respiration phase occurring in mitochondria, crucial for the production of ATP, the energy currency of the cell.

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